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However, the effects of divalent ions on the dynamics of biological water remain largely unknown. Here, we investigate how the transport dynamics of water molecules nanoconfined between lipid membranes depends on the concentration of calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+) ions by using molecular dynamics simulations and the generalized transport equation for biological water. We find that the diffusion coefficient of biological water monotonically increases with Ca2+ ion concentration but exhibits a largely opposite, non-monotonic dependence on Mg2+ concentration. The deviation of the water molecules\u2019 displacement distribution from the Gaussian also shows a distinct dependence on the concentrations of Mg2+ and Ca2+. These contrasting behaviors originate from the different hydration radii of these divalent ions and their distinct effects on the interfacial structure and dynamics of biological water. The relaxation of the lateral displacement distribution of water molecules toward a Gaussian is determined by the time-correlation function of diffusion coefficient fluctuations, whose relaxation time increases with salt concentrations. The primary source of the lateral diffusion coefficient fluctuation is thermal motion of water molecules in the longitudinal direction, along which microscopic environments surrounding a water molecule, including the functional groups of lipid membrane and ion concentrations, drastically change.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0334867","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T11:12:21Z","timestamp":1779880341000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of divalent cations on diffusion dynamics of biological water confined between lipid membranes"],"prefix":"10.1063","volume":"164","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-5917-2803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minho","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Science Research Center for Systems Chemistry (GCSC) 1 , Seoul 06974,","place":["Republic of Korea"]},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University 2 , Seoul 06974,","place":["Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-1991-4605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinwon","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Science Research Center for Systems Chemistry (GCSC) 1 , Seoul 06974,","place":["Republic of Korea"]},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University 2 , Seoul 06974,","place":["Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1535-7224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ji-Hyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Science Research Center for Systems Chemistry (GCSC) 1 , Seoul 06974,","place":["Republic of Korea"]},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University 2 , Seoul 06974,","place":["Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1618-1056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minhaeng","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Molecular Spectroscopy and Dynamics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) 3 , Seoul 02841,","place":["Republic of Korea"]},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Korea University 4 , Seoul 02841,","place":["Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0712-296X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaeyoung","family":"Sung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Science Research Center for Systems Chemistry (GCSC) 1 , Seoul 06974,","place":["Republic of Korea"]},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University 2 , Seoul 06974,","place":["Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"317","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"15","key":"2026052707121537400_c1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2206823","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202206823","article-title":"Requirement of cholesterol for calcium-dependent vesicle fusion by strengthening synaptotagmin-1-induced membrane bending","volume":"10","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. 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