{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T13:46:28Z","timestamp":1791899188616,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"AIP Publishing","issue":"10","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021YFA1401900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFA1401900"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["12141001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12141001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018537","name":"National Science and Technology Major Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021ZD0302600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021ZD0302600"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018537","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["pubs.aip.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Millikelvin environments are crucial for condensed matter experiments, yet the limited availability and rising cost of 3He have imposed a bottleneck on the application of mainstream millikelvin refrigerators: 3He refrigerators and dilution refrigerators. Recently, the adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator (ADR), which has been previously overshadowed by its 3He-based counterparts, is experiencing a revival as a 3He-independent alternative. Here, we present the design, construction, and performance of a cryogen-free ADR that strictly avoids the use of 3He. By incorporating a closed-cycle 1\u00a0K pot, the ADR realizes a novel architecture comprising a 1.5\u00a0K precooling system and a single demagnetization stage. The results show that the ADR can reach a base temperature of 113 mK and maintain temperatures below 300 mK for over 11\u00a0h, which approaches the performance of 3He refrigerators. The demagnetization stage features simply fabricated components, including a custom-designed 2\u00a0T superconducting magnet, a homemade chromium potassium alum salt pill, and a homemade mechanical heat switch. The components are arranged into a spacious and compatible layout, enabling future experimental integration. Overall, this work offers an alternative design route and a practical reference for developing 3He-independent ultra-low temperature systems for research purposes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0343134","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T12:54:02Z","timestamp":1791896042000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A 3He-independent cryogen-free adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator for temperatures below 1 K"],"prefix":"10.1063","volume":"97","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6054-0942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhizhong","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International Center for Quantum Materials, Peking University 1 , Beijing 100871,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinyang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Center for Quantum Materials, Peking University 1 , Beijing 100871,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donghan","family":"Ge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Center for Quantum Materials, Peking University 1 , Beijing 100871,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuqiao","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Center for Quantum Materials, Peking University 1 , Beijing 100871,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-4916-6526","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhuokai","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Center for Quantum Materials, Peking University 1 , Beijing 100871,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-1676-8395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siyuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Center for Quantum Materials, Peking University 1 , Beijing 100871,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5760-6420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhihong","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Center for Quantum Materials, Peking University 1 , Beijing 100871,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junyi","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Center for Quantum Materials, Peking University 1 , Beijing 100871,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianing","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Center for Quantum Materials, Peking University 1 , Beijing 100871,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3383-2017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xi","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Center for Quantum Materials, Peking University 1 , Beijing 100871,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Hefei National Laboratory 2 , Hefei 230088,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Institute of Light-Element Quantum Materials and Research Center for Light-Element Advanced Materials, Peking University 3 , Beijing 100871,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"317","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"22","key":"2026101308535571200_c1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1559","DOI":"10.1103\/physrevlett.48.1559","volume":"48","year":"1982","journal-title":"Phys. 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