{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T13:44:54Z","timestamp":1785764694059,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"AIP Publishing","issue":"8","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019784","name":"EUROfusion","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["101052200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101052200"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019784","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["pubs.aip.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The characterization of hydrogen isotope retention and helium-vacancy clustering in plasma-facing materials (PFMs) is essential for the development of long-pulse magnetic confinement fusion devices. This paper provides a technical description of the Thermal Desorption Spectroscopy (TDS) facility located at the ENEA Frascati research center, which has been upgraded to support the study of metallic PFMs in the context of the EUROFusion research program. Originally designed for carbon-based materials, the apparatus has been reconfigured for investigating gas retention and desorption kinetics in plasma-facing materials, focusing on exploration of high-temperature regimes. A primary technical feature of the system is the implementation of an induction-based heating architecture that enables sample temperatures exceeding 1200\u2009\u00b0C, thereby surpassing the thermal limitations of conventional resistive TDS systems. The paper details the vacuum architecture, sample transfer system, RF induction heating setup, temperature and pressure diagnostics, quadrupole mass spectrometer (QMS), and the integrated data acquisition framework. Standard operating and calibration procedures for temperature, pressure, and QMS sensitivity are presented together with background characterization to quantify measurement reliability and uncertainty. Finally, representative application cases are used to demonstrate the current performance of the apparatus in both total gas inventory measurements and desorption peak analysis up to 1600\u2009\u00b0C, with a nominal maximum temperature of 2000\u2009\u00b0C expected in upcoming experimental campaigns. The resulting characterization defines the present operating conditions of the facility and provides the experimental basis for future high-temperature investigations of plasma-facing components.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0343349","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T12:47:10Z","timestamp":1785761230000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Technical assessment of a thermal desorption spectroscopy apparatus for plasma facing components"],"prefix":"10.1063","volume":"97","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0770-6431","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.","family":"Bugatti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Energia 1 , Via R. Lambruschini 26\/A, Milano,","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"Department of Fusion and Technology for Nuclear Safety and Security, ENEA 2 , Via E. Fermi 45, Frascati,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7779-7842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.","family":"De Angeli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Plasmi (ISTP) - CNR 3 , via R. Cozzi 53, Milano,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4649-9065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.","family":"Iafrati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fusion and Technology for Nuclear Safety and Security, ENEA 2 , Via E. Fermi 45, Frascati,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Laguardia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Plasmi (ISTP) - CNR 3 , via R. Cozzi 53, Milano,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Passoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Energia 1 , Via R. Lambruschini 26\/A, Milano,","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"Istituto per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Plasmi (ISTP) - CNR 3 , via R. Cozzi 53, Milano,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. M.","family":"Trizzino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Energia 1 , Via R. Lambruschini 26\/A, Milano,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Zarotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fusion and Technology for Nuclear Safety and Security, ENEA 2 , Via E. Fermi 45, Frascati,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"317","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026080308470943200_c1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"086029","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-4326\/ab235d","article-title":"Influence of plasma impurities on the fuel retention in tungsten","volume":"59","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nucl. Fusion"},{"key":"2026080308470943200_c2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"014025","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-8949\/t167\/1\/014025","article-title":"Diffusion-trapping modelling of hydrogen recycling in tungsten under ELM-like heat loads","volume":"2016","journal-title":"Phys. Scr."},{"key":"2026080308470943200_c3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1007\/s42864-020-00042-w","article-title":"A review of surface damage\/microstructures and their effects on hydrogen\/helium retention in tungsten","volume":"2","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tungsten"},{"key":"2026080308470943200_c4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"016020","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-4326\/aa86cf","article-title":"Thermal desorption spectroscopy of high fluence irradiated ultrafine and nanocrystalline tungsten: Helium trapping and desorption correlated with morphology","volume":"58","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nucl. Fusion"},{"key":"2026080308470943200_c5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnucmat.2013.01.270","article-title":"Molecular dynamics simulation of the effect of sub-surface helium bubbles on hydrogen retention in tungsten","volume":"438","year":"2013","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Nucl. Mater."},{"key":"2026080308470943200_c6","year":"2018"},{"key":"2026080308470943200_c7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"096010","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-4326\/ace2d2","article-title":"Fuel desorption from JET-ILW materials: Assessment of analytical approach and identification of sources of uncertainty and discrepancy","volume":"63","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nucl. Fusion"},{"key":"2026080308470943200_c8","article-title":"Report on deuterium desorpion of W\u20131%La2O3 samples after exposure in plasma generator","year":"2001"},{"key":"2026080308470943200_c9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168972","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2025.168972","article-title":"The role of induction heating in catalytic propane dehydrogenation","volume":"524","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"2026080308470943200_c10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"053103","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4982255","article-title":"Highly hydrogen-sensitive thermal desorption spectroscopy system for quantitative analysis of low hydrogen concentration (\u223c1 \u00d7 1016 atoms\/cm3) in thin-film samples","volume":"88","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Instrum."},{"key":"2026080308470943200_c11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111892","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fusengdes.2020.111892","article-title":"MARTe2 and MDSplus integration for a comprehensive fast control and data acquisition system","volume":"161","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fusion Eng. Des."},{"key":"2026080308470943200_c12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fusengdes.2019.111328","article-title":"Emissivity measurement of tungsten plasma facing components of the west tokamak","volume":"149","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fusion Eng. Des."},{"key":"2026080308470943200_c13","first-page":"1","article-title":"Temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS)","volume":"1","year":"2002","journal-title":"Adv. Phys. Chem. Lab FU Berlin"},{"key":"2026080308470943200_c14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnucmat.2007.09.028","article-title":"Modelling deuterium release during thermal desorption of d+-irradiated tungsten","volume":"374","year":"2008","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Nucl. Mater."},{"key":"2026080308470943200_c15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1021\/acsphyschemau.2c00031","article-title":"Analysis of temperature-programmed desorption via equilibrium thermodynamics","volume":"3","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Phys. Chem. Au"},{"key":"2026080308470943200_c16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.3390\/jne6030025","article-title":"Thermal shock and synergistic plasma and heat load testing of powder injection molding tungsten-based alloys","volume":"6","year":"2025","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Nucl. Eng."},{"key":"2026080308470943200_c17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.13182\/fst14-906","article-title":"Linear plasma device PSI-2 for plasma-material interaction studies","volume":"68","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fusion Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026080308470943200_c18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"014031","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-8949\/2011\/t145\/014031","article-title":"Hydrogen in tungsten as plasma-facing material","volume":"2011","journal-title":"Phys. Scr."},{"key":"2026080308470943200_c19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1016\/s0008-6223(98)00088-8","article-title":"Gas desorption and adsorption properties of graphite and water glass mixtures used as inner coatings of a cathode ray tube","volume":"36","year":"1998","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"2026080308470943200_c20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/0008-6223(94)90208-9","article-title":"Desorption behavior for H2O from isotropic graphite dipped in water","volume":"32","year":"1994","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"2026080308470943200_c21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1039\/F19736901039","article-title":"Surface studies on graphite: desorption of surface oxide","volume":"69","year":"1973","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 1"},{"key":"2026080308470943200_c22","first-page":"287","article-title":"Temperature programmed desorption","volume-title":"Materials Science and Engineering of Carbon","year":"2016"},{"key":"2026080308470943200_c23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1021\/j100492a008","article-title":"Surface studies on graphite. Desorption of surface oxides formed on the clean surface at 300 K","volume":"82","year":"1978","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Phys. Chem."}],"container-title":["Review of Scientific Instruments"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/aip\/rsi\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1063\/5.0343349\/21092288\/083502_1_5.0343349.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/aip\/rsi\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1063\/5.0343349\/21092288\/083502_1_5.0343349.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T12:47:11Z","timestamp":1785761231000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/rsi\/article\/97\/8\/083502\/3400069\/Technical-assessment-of-a-thermal-desorption"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/5.0343349","relation":{},"ISSN":["0034-6748","1089-7623"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0034-6748","type":"print"},{"value":"1089-7623","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]]},"article-number":"083502"}}