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We perform high-speed measurements to track the partitioning of water into vapor and droplets throughout the expansion process, including tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS) to access the vapor concentration and in-line holography to track the size and concentration of nucleating droplets. We retrieve the peak saturation ratio achieved in each expansion from the TDLAS measurements in combination with adjusted thermocouple temperature readout. We monitor the number of nucleated droplets and their subsequent growth as a function of saturation ratio and observe the onset of homogeneous nucleation of water vapor occurring at a threshold saturation ratio near S = 5, in agreement with prior literature and classical nucleation theory. The trends we observe in average diameter and droplet concentration suggest that warm air pockets near the chamber walls inhomogeneously mix with cold air at the center of the chamber following expansion. Active forced mixing with fans yields more spatially uniform temperature readings across the chamber but also significantly broadens the droplet size distribution. Our results demonstrate the capability of TDLAS and holography techniques to track both water vapor and liquid water in the high saturation ratio environments necessary for the homogeneous nucleation of droplets. Our findings also reveal that droplet nucleation and growth dynamics are highly sensitive to turbulence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0344133","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T13:19:47Z","timestamp":1785849587000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Tracking water vapor homogeneous nucleation and droplet growth with spectroscopy and holography in a free expansion cloud chamber"],"prefix":"10.1063","volume":"165","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5672-1884","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cole R.","family":"Sagan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Princeton University 1 , Princeton, New Jersey 08544,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory 2 , Princeton, New Jersey 08543,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-6014-4943","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gwenore F.","family":"Pokrifka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"High Meadows Environmental Institute, Princeton University 3 , Princeton, New Jersey 08544,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University 4 , Princeton, New Jersey 08540,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8535-9571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel M.","family":"Koblensky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University 4 , Princeton, New Jersey 08540,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1660-6002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin A.","family":"Erinin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University 4 , Princeton, New Jersey 08540,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-1312-2351","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilian","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University 4 , Princeton, New Jersey 08540,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Physique, \u00c9cole Normale Sup\u00e9rieure de Paris 5 , Paris,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6657-896X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadir","family":"Jeevanjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, NOAA 6 , Princeton, New Jersey 08540,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4644-9909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luc","family":"Deike","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory 2 , Princeton, New Jersey 08543,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"High Meadows Environmental Institute, Princeton University 3 , Princeton, New Jersey 08544,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University 4 , Princeton, New Jersey 08540,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2551-9146","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marissa L.","family":"Weichman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Princeton University 1 , Princeton, New Jersey 08544,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory 2 , Princeton, New Jersey 08543,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"317","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026080409194149800_c1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-9-239-2009","article-title":"Aerosol indirect forcing in a global model with particle nucleation","volume":"9","year":"2009","journal-title":"Atmos. 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