{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T13:01:23Z","timestamp":1790859683798,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"AIP Publishing","issue":"10","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000006","name":"Office of Naval Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N00014-25-1-2190"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N00014-25-1-2190"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000006","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000006","name":"Office of Naval Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N00014-25-1-2186"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N00014-25-1-2186"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000006","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000006","name":"Office of Naval Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N00014-24-1-2128"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N00014-24-1-2128"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000006","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["pubs.aip.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Barocaloric materials offer a promising route toward solid-state cooling and pressure-tunable thermal energy storage, but most experimental studies rely on small-sample high-pressure calorimetry that does not capture heat transfer behavior at practical module scales. Here, we present a gas-pressurized module-scale barocaloric heat-transfer apparatus that represents the first reported module-level implementation of gas-mediated hydrostatic actuation. The apparatus uses a gas-mediated hydrostatic pressure system to actuate a gram-scale active material bed while a separate liquid flow loop supplies or removes heat through an adjacent coaxial heat transfer channel, thereby decoupling pressure delivery from thermal exchange. Using microencapsulated paraffin as a model pressure-tunable phase change material, we demonstrate two complementary measurement modes based on temperature scanning and step-temperature operation. Temperature-scanning measurements reproduce the bimodal solid\u2013solid and solid\u2013liquid transition behavior observed by differential scanning calorimetry with high fidelity, resolving an upward shift in transition temperature and the disappearance of the lower-temperature solid\u2013solid transition peak with increasing pressure (to 18.6 MPa). Step-temperature measurements further demonstrate the ability of the apparatus to probe transient heat penetration and transformation behavior under cyclic thermal boundary conditions. These results establish the gas-pressurized coaxial flow-loop architecture as a scalable platform for investigating barocaloric heat transfer, finite-rate transformation behavior, and pressure-tunable phase transitions under system-relevant thermal boundary conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0348711","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T12:35:07Z","timestamp":1790858107000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A gas-pressurized coaxial tubular flow-loop apparatus for module-scale barocaloric heat transfer measurements"],"prefix":"10.1063","volume":"97","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8276-1991","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soonwook","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Kyung Hee University 1 , Yongin 17104,","place":["South Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1077-0282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chase B.","family":"Somodi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University 2 , College Station, Texas 77843,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4163-7967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isha","family":"Bayad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University 3 , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6755-3484","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neera","family":"Jain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University 3 , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8737-6064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick J.","family":"Shamberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University 2 , College Station, Texas 77843,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"317","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"2026100108350288300_c1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat3951","article-title":"Caloric materials near ferroic phase transitions","volume":"13","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026100108350288300_c2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1038\/s41578-022-00428-x","article-title":"Materials, physics and systems for multicaloric cooling","volume":"7","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mater."},{"issue":"17","key":"2026100108350288300_c3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170502","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0046416","article-title":"Fantastic barocalorics and where to find them","volume":"118","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"2026100108350288300_c4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1557\/s43581-020-00002-4","article-title":"Advances and obstacles in pressure-driven solid-state cooling: A review of barocaloric materials","volume":"8","year":"2021","journal-title":"MRS Energy Sustainability"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100108350288300_c5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1803","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-09730-9","article-title":"Colossal barocaloric effects near room temperature in plastic crystals of neopentylglycol","volume":"10","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026100108350288300_c6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1603607","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201603607","article-title":"Materials with giant mechanocaloric effects: Cooling by strength","volume":"29","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"issue":"7749","key":"2026100108350288300_c7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1042-5","article-title":"Colossal barocaloric effects in plastic crystals","volume":"567","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100108350288300_c8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4190","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18043-1","article-title":"Understanding colossal barocaloric effects in plastic crystals","volume":"11","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026100108350288300_c9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat2731","article-title":"Giant solid-state barocaloric effect in the Ni\u2013Mn\u2013In magnetic shape-memory alloy","volume":"9","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100108350288300_c10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2293","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-29997-9","article-title":"Ultrasensitive barocaloric material for room-temperature solid-state refrigeration","volume":"13","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026100108350288300_c11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1039\/c9ta10947a","article-title":"Reversible and irreversible colossal barocaloric effects in plastic crystals","volume":"8","year":"2020","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Mater. Chem. A"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100108350288300_c12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2536","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-29800-9","article-title":"Colossal barocaloric effects with ultralow hysteresis in two-dimensional metal\u2013halide perovskites","volume":"13","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"23","key":"2026100108350288300_c13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17944","DOI":"10.1039\/d5ta00033e","article-title":"Room-temperature barocaloric effect in [Fe(pap-5NO2)2] spin-crossover material","volume":"13","year":"2025","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"2026100108350288300_c14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2017.04.080","article-title":"A review of salt hydrates for seasonal heat storage in domestic applications","volume":"199","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"2026100108350288300_c15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solener.2020.09.035","article-title":"Carbon dioxide hydrates for cold thermal energy storage: A review","volume":"211","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sol. Energy"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026100108350288300_c16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrp.2021.100613","article-title":"Dynamic tunability of phase-change material transition temperatures using ions for thermal energy storage","volume":"2","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep. Phys. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100108350288300_c17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-28229-4","article-title":"Colossal and reversible barocaloric effect in liquid-solid-transition materials n-alkanes","volume":"13","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2026100108350288300_c18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.est.2020.101567","article-title":"A review on the effect of external fields on solidification, melting and heat transfer enhancement of phase change materials","volume":"31","year":"2020","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Energy Storage"},{"key":"2026100108350288300_c19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2019.116404","article-title":"The use of barocaloric effect for energy saving in a domestic refrigerator with ethylene-glycol based nanofluids: A numerical analysis and a comparison with a vapor compression cooler","volume":"190","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026100108350288300_c20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101981","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrp.2024.101981","article-title":"Highly efficient mechanocaloric cooling using colossal barocaloric plastic crystals","volume":"5","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Rep. Phys. Sci."},{"issue":"20","key":"2026100108350288300_c21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5947","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14205947","article-title":"Simple and low-cost footstep energy-recover barocaloric heating and cooling device","volume":"14","year":"2021","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"2026100108350288300_c22","unstructured":"N.\n            Weerasekera\n          , \u201cBarocaloric heat pumps based on soft materials,\u201d Ph.D. dissertation (University of Louisville, 2024)."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026100108350288300_c23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"046103","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4979464","article-title":"Experimental setup for measuring the barocaloric effect in polymers: Application to natural rubber","volume":"88","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Instrum."},{"key":"2026100108350288300_c24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"887006","DOI":"10.3389\/fenrg.2022.887006","article-title":"Barocaloric properties of thermoplastic elastomers","volume":"10","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Energy Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026100108350288300_c25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2413924","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202413924","article-title":"Colossal barocaloric effect in encapsulated solid-liquid phase change materials","volume":"35","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"2026100108350288300_c26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2020.115015","article-title":"Expanded graphite\u2013paraffin composite phase change materials: Effect of particle size on the composite structure and properties","volume":"171","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Therm. Eng."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026100108350288300_c27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1080\/21663831.2022.2086442","article-title":"Giant barocaloric effect in neopentylglycol-graphene nanosheets composites with large thermal conductivity","volume":"10","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Res. Lett."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2026100108350288300_c28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/s0040-6031(03)00312-5","article-title":"Observation of multiple phase transitions in n-C22H46 using a high resolution and super-sensitive DSC","volume":"408","year":"2003","journal-title":"Thermochim. Acta"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026100108350288300_c29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70021","DOI":"10.1002\/eem2.70021","article-title":"Colossal barocaloric effects at triple-phase points","volume":"8","year":"2025","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Mater."},{"issue":"23","key":"2026100108350288300_c30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19788","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.5c03705","article-title":"Manipulating hydrocarbon chain-melting transitions in dialkylammonium halide barocaloric materials through desymmetrization","volume":"147","year":"2025","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"2026100108350288300_c31","article-title":"Manipulating barocaloric effects derived from hydrocarbon order\u2013disorder phase transitions"}],"container-title":["Review of Scientific Instruments"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/aip\/rsi\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1063\/5.0348711\/21157029\/104901_1_5.0348711.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/aip\/rsi\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1063\/5.0348711\/21157029\/104901_1_5.0348711.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T12:35:08Z","timestamp":1790858108000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/rsi\/article\/97\/10\/104901\/3405662\/A-gas-pressurized-coaxial-tubular-flow-loop"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/5.0348711","relation":{},"ISSN":["0034-6748","1089-7623"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0034-6748","type":"print"},{"value":"1089-7623","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"article-number":"104901"}}