{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,2]],"date-time":"2025-08-02T04:36:29Z","timestamp":1754109389211,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"AIP Publishing","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":["pubs.aip.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The stability of general electron distribution functions to purely electromagnetic modes is considered, so as to generalize the well-known stability analysis for bi-Gaussian distribution functions. The expansion of an arbitrary nonrelativistic distribution function into a modified version of Hermite\u2013Gaussian modes yields the dispersion relation for electromagnetic modes in a compact form that depends on the coefficients of the expansion as well as the well-known plasma dispersion function and its derivatives. The coefficients of the expansion that enter the dispersion relation depend only on the zeroth and second moments from the direction of high temperature. The general dispersion relation is solved analytically for the frequency in the low anisotropy (kinetic) limit. Purely imaginary solutions can be found for distribution functions symmetric in the direction of the wavenumber. If, in addition to being symmetric, the distribution function is separable, the only quantity from the high-temperature direction that enters the equation for the frequency of the electromagnetic wave is the variance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2740698","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,18]],"date-time":"2007-06-18T22:09:19Z","timestamp":1182204559000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Stability of arbitrary electron velocity distribution functions to electromagnetic modes"],"prefix":"10.1063","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"M.","family":"Tzoufras","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California Department of Electrical Engineering, , Los Angeles, California 90095"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Rochester Departments of Mechanical Engineering and Physics and Astronomy, and Laboratory for Laser Energetics, , Rochester, New York 14623"}]},{"given":"F. S.","family":"Tsung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California Department of Physics and Astronomy, , Los Angeles, California 90095"}]},{"given":"J. W.","family":"Tonge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California Department of Physics and Astronomy, , Los Angeles, California 90095"}]},{"given":"W. B.","family":"Mori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California Department of Electrical Engineering and Department of Physics and Astronomy, , Los Angeles, California 90095"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Fiore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico GoLP\/Centro de F\u00edsica dos Plasmas, , 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"R. A.","family":"Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico GoLP\/Centro de F\u00edsica dos Plasmas, , 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"L. O.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico GoLP\/Centro de F\u00edsica dos Plasmas, , 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"317","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023080603411736900_c1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1706024","volume":"3","year":"1960","journal-title":"Phys. Fluids"},{"key":"2023080603411736900_c2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.2.83","volume":"2","year":"1959","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"2023080603411736900_c3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1390","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.31.1390","volume":"31","year":"1973","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"2023080603411736900_c4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1655558","volume":"25","year":"1974","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. 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