{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T10:00:51Z","timestamp":1768730451723,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"AIP Publishing","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":["pubs.aip.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>An analytical theory for the interaction of an electron bunch with a nonlinear plasma wave is developed to make it possible to design efficient laser- and\/or beam-driven accelerators that generate high quality monoenergetic electron beams. This theory shows how to choose the charge, the shape, and the placing of the bunch so that the conversion efficiency from the fields of the bubble to the accelerating electrons reaches nearly 100% and the beam quality is optimized. For intense drivers the nonlinear wake is described by the shape of the bubble and beam loading arises when the radial space-charge force of the beam acts back on the electron sheath surrounding the ion channel. The modification of the wake due to the presence of flat-top electron bunches is studied and it is shown that the energy spread of an externally injected flat-top electron bunch can be kept low. The bunch profile that leads to zero energy spread is also derived.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3118628","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,8]],"date-time":"2009-05-08T23:10:31Z","timestamp":1241824231000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":98,"title":["Beam loading by electrons in nonlinear plasma wakes"],"prefix":"10.1063","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"M.","family":"Tzoufras","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oxford 1 Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, , Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom"}]},{"given":"W.","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California 2 Department of Electrical Engineering, , Los Angeles, California 90095, USA"}]},{"given":"F. S.","family":"Tsung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California 3 Department of Physics and Astronomy, , Los Angeles, California 90095, USA"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California 3 Department of Physics and Astronomy, , Los Angeles, California 90095, USA"}]},{"given":"W. B.","family":"Mori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California 2 Department of Electrical Engineering, , Los Angeles, California 90095, USA"},{"name":"University of California 3 Department of Physics and Astronomy, , Los Angeles, California 90095, USA"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Katsouleas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke University 4 Pratt School of Engineering, , Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Vieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico 5 GoLP\/Instituto de Plasmas e Fus\u00e3o Nuclear, , 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"R. A.","family":"Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico 5 GoLP\/Instituto de Plasmas e Fus\u00e3o Nuclear, , 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"L. 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