{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T04:30:15Z","timestamp":1768797015834,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"AIP Publishing","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":["pubs.aip.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Piezoresponse Force Microscopy (PFM) is used to characterize the nanoscale electromechanical properties of centrosymmetric CaCu3Ti4O12 ceramics with giant dielectric constant. Clear PFM contrast both in vertical (out-of-plane) and lateral (in-plane) modes is observed on the ceramic surface with varying magnitude and polarization direction depending on the grain crystalline orientation. Lateral signal changes its sign upon 180\u00b0 rotation of the sample thus ruling out spurious electrostatic contribution and confirming piezoelectric nature of the effect. Piezoresponse could be locally reversed by suitable electrical bias (local poling) and induced polarization was quite stable showing long-time relaxation (\u223c3 hrs). The electromechanical contrast in unpoled ceramics is attributed to the surface flexoelectric effect (strain gradient induced polarization) while piezoresponse hysteresis and ferroelectric-like behavior are discussed in terms of structural instabilities due to Ti off-center displacements and structural defects in this material.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3623767","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,2]],"date-time":"2011-09-02T14:37:08Z","timestamp":1314974228000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Nanoscale electromechanical properties of CaCu3Ti4O12 ceramics"],"prefix":"10.1063","volume":"110","author":[{"given":"R.","family":"Tararam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Qu\u00edmica, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) 1 Departamento de F\u00edsico-Qu\u00edmica, , 14800-900 Araraquara, Brasil"}]},{"given":"I. K.","family":"Bdikin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Aveiro 2 Department of Mechanical Engineering & TEMA, , 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Panwar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Aveiro 3 Department of Ceramics and Glass Engineering & CICECO, , 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"J. A.","family":"Varela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Qu\u00edmica, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) 1 Departamento de F\u00edsico-Qu\u00edmica, , 14800-900 Araraquara, Brasil"}]},{"given":"P. R.","family":"Bueno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Qu\u00edmica, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) 1 Departamento de F\u00edsico-Qu\u00edmica, , 14800-900 Araraquara, Brasil"}]},{"given":"A. L.","family":"Kholkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Aveiro 3 Department of Ceramics and Glass Engineering & CICECO, , 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"317","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023080501174564100_c1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1006\/jssc.2000.8703","volume":"151","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Solid State Chem."},{"key":"2023080501174564100_c2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"094124","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.73.094124","volume":"73","year":"2006","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"2023080501174564100_c3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142901","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2077864","volume":"87","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"2023080501174564100_c4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3299","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1595708","volume":"94","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Appl. 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