{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T10:27:44Z","timestamp":1762252064272,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"AIP Publishing","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":["pubs.aip.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We report magnetic and exchange bias studies on Ni-NiO nanoparticulate systems synthesized by a two-step process, namely, chemical reduction of a Ni salt followed by air annealing of the dried precipitate in the temperature range 400\u2013550\u2009\u00b0C. Size of Ni and NiO crystallites as estimated from X\u2013ray diffraction line broadening ranges between 10.5\u201313.5\u2009nm and 2.3\u20134\u2009nm, respectively. The magneto-thermal plots (M-T) of these bi-magnetic samples show a well developed peak in the vicinity of 130\u2009K. This has been identified as the superparamagnetic blocking temperature \u201cTB\u201d of NiO. Interestingly, all samples exhibit exchange bias even above their respective NiO blocking temperatures, right up to 300\u2009K, the maximum temperature of measurement. This is in contrast to previous reports since exchange bias requires the antiferromagnetic NiO to have a stable direction of its moment in order to pin the ferromagnet (Ni) magnetization, whereas such stability is unlikely above TB since the NiO is superparamagnetic, its moment flipping under thermal activation. Our observation is elucidated by taking into account the core-shell morphology of the Ni-NiO nanoparticles whereby clustering of some of these nanoparticles connects their NiO shells to form extended continuous regions of NiO, which because of their large size remain blocked at T\u2009&amp;gt;\u2009TB, with thermally stable spins capable of pinning the Ni cores and giving rise to exchange bias. The investigated samples may thus be envisaged as being constituted of both isolated core-shell Ni-NiO nanoparticles as well as clustered ones, with TB denoting the blocking temperature of the NiO shell of the isolated particles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4866196","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,22]],"date-time":"2014-02-22T01:30:26Z","timestamp":1393032626000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Exchange bias beyond the superparamagnetic blocking temperature of the antiferromagnet in a Ni-NiO nanoparticulate system"],"prefix":"10.1063","volume":"115","author":[{"given":"Aparna","family":"Roy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials and Ceramics Engineering and CICECO, University of Aveiro 1 , 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"J. A.","family":"De Toro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Fisica Aplicada, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha 2 , 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain"}]},{"given":"V. S.","family":"Amaral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and CICECO, University of Aveiro 3 , 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Muniz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Fisica Aplicada, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha 2 , 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain"}]},{"given":"J. M.","family":"Riveiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Fisica Aplicada, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha 2 , 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain"}]},{"given":"J. M. F.","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials and Ceramics Engineering and CICECO, University of Aveiro 1 , 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"317","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023062217170792000_c1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physrep.2005.08.004","volume":"422","year":"2005","journal-title":"Phys. Rep."},{"key":"2023062217170792000_c2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257201","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.90.257201","volume":"90","year":"2003","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"2023062217170792000_c3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"012415","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.65.012415","volume":"65","year":"2001","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. 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