{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T16:15:37Z","timestamp":1772554537340,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"AIP Publishing","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,24]],"date-time":"2014-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1411516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,24]],"date-time":"2014-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1411516800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Dutch Ministry of Education, Culture and Science","award":["024.001.035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["024.001.035"]}]},{"name":"Dutch Ministry of Education, Culture and Science","award":["704"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["704"]}]},{"name":"Dutch Ministry of Education, Culture and Science","award":["212311"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["212311"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["pubs.aip.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Thin LiF interlayers are typically used in organic light-emitting diodes to enhance the electron injection. Here, we show that the effective work function of a contact with a LiF interlayer can be either raised or lowered depending on the history of the applied bias. Formation of quasi-Ohmic contacts for both electrons and holes is demonstrated by electroluminescence from symmetric LiF\/polymer\/LiF diodes in both bias polarities. The origin of the dynamic switching is charging of electrically induced Frenkel defects. The current density\u2013electroluminescence\u2013voltage characteristics can qualitatively be explained. The interpretation is corroborated by unipolar memristive switching and by bias dependent reflection measurements.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4896636","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,25]],"date-time":"2014-09-25T00:30:34Z","timestamp":1411605034000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Lithium fluoride injection layers can form quasi-Ohmic contacts for both holes and electrons"],"prefix":"10.1063","volume":"105","author":[{"given":"Benjamin F.","family":"Bory","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Eindhoven University of Technology 1 Molecular Materials and Nanosystems and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, , P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Paulo R. F.","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Portugal and Universidade do Algarve 2 Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, Av. Rovisco, Pais, 1, 1049 \u2013 001, Lisboa, , Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ren\u00e9 A. J.","family":"Janssen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eindhoven University of Technology 1 Molecular Materials and Nanosystems and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, , P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Henrique L.","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Portugal and Universidade do Algarve 2 Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, Av. Rovisco, Pais, 1, 1049 \u2013 001, Lisboa, , Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Dago M.","family":"De Leeuw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King Abdulaziz University 3 Max-Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany and , Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"given":"Stefan C. J.","family":"Meskers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eindhoven University of Technology 1 Molecular Materials and Nanosystems and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, , P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands"}]}],"member":"317","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023080608172787000_c1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.200902236","volume":"20","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"2023080608172787000_c2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solmat.2004.05.010","volume":"85","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells"},{"key":"2023080608172787000_c3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"073508","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2174093","volume":"88","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. 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Mater."},{"key":"2023080608172787000_c13","unstructured":"See supplemental material at http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1063\/1.4896636 for electrical conditioning, electroluminescence efficiency of LiF\/P3HT\/LiF diodes, electronic memory effects, and J-EL-V characteristics for LiF\/P3HT\/LiF diodes with different LiF thickness and for LiF\/MDMO-PPV\/LiF and LiF\/PF\/LiF diodes."},{"key":"2023080608172787000_c14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"021006","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JPE.2.021006","volume":"2","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Photonics Energy"},{"key":"2023080608172787000_c15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253303","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4729932","volume":"100","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"2023080608172787000_c16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"053701","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3481092","volume":"108","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Appl. 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