{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T15:32:02Z","timestamp":1774366322050,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"AIP Publishing","issue":"5","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["267841"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["267841"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["pubs.aip.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>An investigation of magnetic fields generated in an expanding bubble of plasma with misaligned temperature and density gradients (driving the Biermann battery mechanism) is performed. With gradient scales L, large-scale magnetic fields are generated by the Biermann battery mechanism with plasma \u03b2\u2009\u223c\u20091, as long as L is comparable to the ion inertial length di. For larger system sizes, L\/de\u2009&amp;gt;\u2009100 (where de is the electron inertial length), the Weibel instability generates magnetic fields of similar magnitude but with wavenumber kde\u2009\u2248\u20090.2. In both cases, the growth and saturation of these fields have a weak dependence on mass ratio mi\/me, indicating electron mediated physics. A scan in system size is performed at mi\/me\u2009=\u20092000, showing agreement with previous results with mi\/me\u2009=\u200925. In addition, the instability found at large system sizes is quantitatively demonstrated to be the Weibel instability. Furthermore, magnetic and electric energy spectra at scales below the electron Larmor radius are found to exhibit power law behavior with spectral indices \u221216\/3 and \u22124\/3, respectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4946017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,18]],"date-time":"2016-04-18T15:11:12Z","timestamp":1460992272000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["The generation of magnetic fields by the Biermann battery and the interplay with the Weibel instability"],"prefix":"10.1063","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"K. M.","family":"Schoeffler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade de Lisboa 1 Instituto de Plasmas e Fus\u00e3o Nuclear, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, , 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9755-6563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"N. F.","family":"Loureiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade de Lisboa 1 Instituto de Plasmas e Fus\u00e3o Nuclear, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, , 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology 2 Plasma Science and Fusion Center, , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6342-6226","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R. A.","family":"Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade de Lisboa 1 Instituto de Plasmas e Fus\u00e3o Nuclear, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, , 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"DCTI\/ISCTE\u2014Instituto Universit\u00e1rio de Lisboa 3 , 1649-026 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2906-924X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L. O.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade de Lisboa 1 Instituto de Plasmas e Fus\u00e3o Nuclear, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, , 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"317","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023080402303992200_c1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"046901","DOI":"10.1088\/0034-4885\/71\/4\/046901","volume":"71","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rep. Prog. Phys."},{"key":"2023080402303992200_c2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1086\/171743","volume":"396","year":"1992","journal-title":"Astrophys. J."},{"key":"2023080402303992200_c3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s11214-012-9909-x","volume":"169","year":"2012","journal-title":"Space Sci. Rev."},{"key":"2023080402303992200_c4","first-page":"65","volume":"5a","year":"1950","journal-title":"Z. 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