{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]],"date-time":"2025-10-18T15:13:43Z","timestamp":1760800423619,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"AIP Publishing","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,8]],"date-time":"2021-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638921600000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":372,"URL":"https:\/\/publishing.aip.org\/authors\/rights-and-permissions"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000015","name":"U.S. Department of Energy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DEAC02- 09CH11466"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DEAC02- 09CH11466"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000015","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000015","name":"U.S. Department of Energy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DE-AC02- 05CH11231"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE-AC02- 05CH11231"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000015","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000015","name":"U.S. Department of Energy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DE-FG02-91ER54109"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE-FG02-91ER54109"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000015","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EP\/R034737\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/R034737\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["pubs.aip.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>An extensive validation effort performed for a modest-beta NSTX NBI-heated H-mode discharge predicts that electron thermal transport can be entirely explained by electron-scale turbulence fluctuations driven by the electron temperature gradient mode (ETG), both in conditions of strong and weak ETG turbulence drive. Thermal power-balance estimates computed by TRANSP as well as the shape of the high-k density fluctuation wavenumber spectrum and the fluctuation level ratio between strongly driven and weakly driven ETG-turbulence conditions can be matched by nonlinear gyrokinetic simulations and a synthetic diagnostic for high-k scattering. Linear gyrokinetic simulations suggest that the ion-scale instability in the weak ETG condition is close to the critical threshold for the kinetic ballooning mode instability, and nonlinear ion-scale gyrokinetic simulations show that turbulence might be in a state reminiscent of a Dimits' shift regime, opening speculation on the role that ion-scale turbulence might play for the weak ETG condition. A simulation that matched all experimental constraints is chosen to project high-k turbulence spectra in NSTX-U, revealing that the new high-k system [R. Barchfeld et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 89, 10C114 (2018)] should be sensitive to density fluctuations from radially elongated streamer structures. Two schemes are designed to characterize the radial and poloidal wavenumber dependence of the density fluctuation wavenumber power spectrum around the streamer peak, suggesting future high-k fluctuation measurements could be sensitive to an asymmetry in the kr spectrum introduced due to the presence of strong background flow shear.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0009620","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,8]],"date-time":"2020-12-08T15:02:23Z","timestamp":1607439743000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Validation of gyrokinetic simulations in NSTX and projections for high-k turbulence measurements in NSTX-U"],"prefix":"10.1063","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4258-5273","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J.","family":"Ruiz Ruiz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics, University of Oxford 1 , Oxford OX1 3NP, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) 2 , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8181-058X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"W.","family":"Guttenfelder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory 3 , Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA"}]},{"given":"A. E.","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) 2 , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8787-6309","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"N. T.","family":"Howard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) 2 , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4123-0094","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J.","family":"Candy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General Atomics 4 , P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4571-9046","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Y.","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory 3 , Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0972-3638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D. R.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Wisconsin-Madison 5 , Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9755-6563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"N. F.","family":"Loureiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) 2 , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Holland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Energy Research, University of California-San Diego (UCSD) 6 , La Jolla, California 92093-0417, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8080-7773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C. W.","family":"Domier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California at Davis 7 , Davis, California 95616, USA"}]}],"member":"317","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023080802043091000_c1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1762151","volume":"10","year":"1967","journal-title":"Phys. Fluids"},{"key":"2023080802043091000_c2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1088\/0029-5515\/11\/1\/010","volume":"11","year":"1971","journal-title":"Nucl. Fusion"},{"key":"2023080802043091000_c3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1063\/1.866248","volume":"30","year":"1987","journal-title":"Phys. Fluids"},{"key":"2023080802043091000_c4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5579","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.85.5579","volume":"85","year":"2000","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"2023080802043091000_c5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1904","DOI":"10.1063\/1.874014","volume":"7","year":"2000","journal-title":"Phys. Plasmas"},{"key":"2023080802043091000_c6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225001","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.89.225001","volume":"89","year":"2002","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"2023080802043091000_c7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1103\/RevModPhys.71.735","volume":"71","year":"1999","journal-title":"Rev. Mod. Phys."},{"key":"2023080802043091000_c8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1088\/0029-5515\/40\/3Y\/316","volume":"40","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nucl. Fusion"},{"key":"2023080802043091000_c9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1088\/0029-5515\/39\/9Y\/305","volume":"39","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nucl. Fusion"},{"key":"2023080802043091000_c10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9991(03)00079-2","volume":"186","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Comput. Phys"},{"key":"2023080802043091000_c11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"093022","DOI":"10.1088\/0029-5515\/53\/9\/093022","volume":"53","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nucl. Fusion"},{"key":"2023080802043091000_c12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4096","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1391261","volume":"8","year":"2001","journal-title":"Phys. Plasmas"},{"key":"2023080802043091000_c13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.37.102","volume":"37","year":"1976","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"2023080802043091000_c14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.44.994","volume":"44","year":"1980","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"2023080802043091000_c15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155004","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.106.155004","volume":"106","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"2023080802043091000_c16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1088\/0029-5515\/20\/11\/011","volume":"20","year":"1980","journal-title":"Nucl. Fusion"},{"key":"2023080802043091000_c17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122501","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4936110","volume":"22","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phys. Plasmas"},{"key":"2023080802043091000_c18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115015","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6587\/ab4742","volume":"61","year":"2019","journal-title":"Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion"},{"key":"2023080802043091000_c19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"075001","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6587\/ab82de","volume":"62","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion"},{"key":"2023080802043091000_c20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"026005","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-4326\/ab5bf5","volume":"60","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nucl. Fusion"},{"key":"2023080802043091000_c21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123501","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3039415","volume":"79","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Instrum."},{"volume-title":"Physics of Plasma Close to Thermonuclear Conditions","year":"1981","key":"2023080802043091000_c22"},{"key":"2023080802043091000_c23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"095010","DOI":"10.1088\/0741-3335\/50\/9\/095010","volume":"50","year":"2008","journal-title":"Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion"},{"volume-title":"GYRO Technical Guide","year":"2014.","key":"2023080802043091000_c24"},{"key":"2023080802043091000_c25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2016.07.039","volume":"324","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Comput. Phys."},{"key":"2023080802043091000_c26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1063\/1.872666","volume":"5","year":"1998","journal-title":"Phys. Plasmas"},{"key":"2023080802043091000_c27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10C114","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5035410","volume":"89","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Instrum."},{"key":"2023080802043091000_c28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"072002","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-4326\/aa4fba","volume":"57","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nucl. Fusion"},{"key":"2023080802043091000_c29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1063\/1.873896","volume":"7","year":"2000","journal-title":"Phys. Plasmas"},{"key":"2023080802043091000_c30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905820609","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022377816001148","volume":"82","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Plasma Phys."},{"key":"2023080802043091000_c31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.80.724","volume":"80","year":"1998","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"2023080802043091000_c32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A653","DOI":"10.1088\/0741-3335\/41\/3A\/059","volume":"41","year":"1999","journal-title":"Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion"},{"key":"2023080802043091000_c33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3645","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.83.3645","volume":"83","year":"1999","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"2023080802043091000_c34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"045005","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6587\/aa5c94","volume":"59","year":"2017","journal-title":"Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion"},{"key":"2023080802043091000_c35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.36.792","volume":"36","year":"1976","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"2023080802043091000_c36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.37.1747","volume":"37","year":"1976","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"2023080802043091000_c37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1136603","volume":"52","year":"1981","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Instrum."},{"key":"2023080802043091000_c38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1063\/1.863016","volume":"23","year":"1980","journal-title":"Phys. Fluids"},{"key":"2023080802043091000_c39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1136831","volume":"53","year":"1982","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Instrum."},{"key":"2023080802043091000_c40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1088\/0741-3335\/35\/1\/005","volume":"35","year":"1993","journal-title":"Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion"},{"key":"2023080802043091000_c41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1541018","volume":"10","year":"2003","journal-title":"Phys. Plasmas"},{"key":"2023080802043091000_c42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.1088\/0741-3335\/48\/12\/005","volume":"48","year":"2006","journal-title":"Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion"},{"key":"2023080802043091000_c43"},{"key":"2023080802043091000_c44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"052301","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3085792","volume":"16","year":"2009","journal-title":"Phys. Plasmas"},{"key":"2023080802043091000_c45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"063028","DOI":"10.1088\/0029-5515\/52\/6\/063028","volume":"52","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nucl. Fusion"},{"key":"2023080802043091000_c46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112514","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3492715","volume":"17","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phys. Plasmas"},{"key":"2023080802043091000_c47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"062501","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3586332","volume":"18","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phys. Plasmas"},{"key":"2023080802043091000_c48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"034002","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6587\/aa544b","volume":"59","year":"2017","journal-title":"Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion"},{"key":"2023080802043091000_c49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"022506","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3551701","volume":"18","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phys. Plasmas"},{"key":"2023080802043091000_c50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124020","DOI":"10.1088\/0741-3335\/51\/12\/124020","volume":"51","year":"2009","journal-title":"Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion, Fusion"},{"key":"2023080802043091000_c51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"014004","DOI":"10.1088\/0029-5515\/56\/1\/014004","volume":"56","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nucl. Fusion"},{"key":"2023080802043091000_c52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"062503","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2928909","article-title":"Task Group on Verification and Validation, U.S. Burning Plasma Organization, and U.S. Transport Task Force","volume":"15","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phys. Plasmas"},{"key":"2023080802043091000_c53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"058101","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3298884","volume":"17","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phys. Plasmas"},{"key":"2023080802043091000_c54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"032109","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3559436","volume":"18","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phys. Plasmas"},{"key":"2023080802043091000_c55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"060901","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4954151","volume":"23","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phys. Plasmas"},{"key":"2023080802043091000_c56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102508","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2044587","volume":"12","year":"2005","journal-title":"Phys. Plasmas"}],"container-title":["Physics of Plasmas"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/aip.scitation.org\/doi\/am-pdf\/10.1063\/5.0009620","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/aip\/pop\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1063\/5.0009620\/13787686\/122505_1_online.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/aip\/pop\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1063\/5.0009620\/13787686\/122505_1_online.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,8]],"date-time":"2023-08-08T02:04:40Z","timestamp":1691460280000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/pop\/article\/27\/12\/122505\/1061970\/Validation-of-gyrokinetic-simulations-in-NSTX-and"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/5.0009620","relation":{},"ISSN":["1070-664X","1089-7674"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1070-664X"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1089-7674"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]]},"article-number":"122505"}}