{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T17:48:18Z","timestamp":1759772898736,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"AIP Publishing","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":["pubs.aip.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The additive manufacturing technology of extrusion of concrete mixtures through a nozzle and deposition layer-by-layer is commonly called three-dimensional concrete printing (3DCP). Such materials are rheologically characterized by yield stress and viscosity. The Bingham model is a good approximation of their rheological behavior. We have developed approximate expressions for determination of pressure for flow through slightly tapered tubes and wedge-shaped extrusion dies, starting from the Buckingham\u2013Reiner equation for flow of a Bingham fluid in a straight tube. The predictions are compared to numerical simulations for convergence half-angles (taper) from 0\u00b0 to 30\u00b0 and to analytical solutions available in the literature. Good comparison has been obtained for taper angles up to 15\u00b0 but the agreement deteriorates as the angle increases. Some experimental data available in the literature have been analyzed, and the challenges for prediction of pressure drop in flow of concrete mixtures through tubes and dies, including entry flow losses, are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0168928","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]],"date-time":"2023-09-11T10:52:01Z","timestamp":1694429521000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Pressure drop in converging flows in three-dimensional printing of concrete"],"prefix":"10.1063","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3477-2979","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nickolas D.","family":"Polychronopoulos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6542-0490","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioannis E.","family":"Sarris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2150-5166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lefteris","family":"Benos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6256-8230","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John","family":"Vlachopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"317","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023091110515572700_c1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/0008-8846(83)90034-0","article-title":"Flow behavior of fresh cement pastes. A comparison of different rheological instruments and techniques","volume":"13","year":"1983","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res"},{"key":"2023091110515572700_c2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2097","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2004.03.017","article-title":"Effect of various superplasticizers on the rheological properties of Portland cement pastes","volume":"34","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res"},{"key":"2023091110515572700_c3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1557\/mrs2004.96","article-title":"The rheology of cementitious materials","volume":"29","year":"2004","journal-title":"MRS Bull."},{"key":"2023091110515572700_c4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1617\/s11527-020-01477-w","article-title":"Interlaboratory study on rheological properties of cement pastes and reference substances: Comparability of measurements performed with different rheometers and measurements geometries","volume":"53","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Struct."},{"key":"2023091110515572700_c5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1533\/9780857095282","volume-title":"Understanding the Rheology of Concrete","author":"Roussel","year":"2012"},{"key":"2023091110515572700_c6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2018.06.001","article-title":"Vision of 3D printing with concrete\u2013Technical, economic and environmental potentials","volume":"112","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"2023091110515572700_c7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2018.04.005","article-title":"Rheological requirements for printable concretes","volume":"112","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"2023091110515572700_c8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.21809\/rilemtechlett.2018.75","article-title":"Extrusion of cement-based materials - an overview","volume":"3","year":"2019","journal-title":"RILEM Tech. Lett."},{"key":"2023091110515572700_c9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107634","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2019.107634","article-title":"Insights into material design, extrusion, rheology, and properties of 3D-printable alkali-activated fly ash-based binders","volume":"167","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"volume-title":"Paste Flow and Extrusion","year":"1993","key":"2023091110515572700_c10"},{"key":"2023091110515572700_c11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ces.2004.12.019","article-title":"On the interpretation of orifice extrusion data for viscoplastic materials","volume":"60","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"2023091110515572700_c12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12101708","article-title":"A study into the effect of different nozzle shapes and fibre-reinforcement in 3D printed mortar","volume":"12","year":"2019","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"2023091110515572700_c13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.3390\/constrmater2040015","article-title":"Investigation of rheological test methods for the suitability of mortars for manufacturing of textile-reinforced concrete using a laboratory mortar extruder (LabMorTex)","volume":"2","year":"2022","journal-title":"Constr. Mater."},{"key":"2023091110515572700_c14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2022.104173","article-title":"Extrusion process simulation and layer shape prediction during 3D-concrete-printing using the particle finite element method","volume":"136","year":"2022","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"2023091110515572700_c15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2022.104671","article-title":"Nozzle criteria for enhancing extrudability, buildability and interlayer bonding in 3D printing concrete","volume":"146","year":"2023","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"2023091110515572700_c16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acme.2017.02.008","article-title":"Fresh and hardened properties of 3D printable cementitious materials for building and construction","volume":"18","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Civil Mech. Eng."},{"key":"2023091110515572700_c17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2017.12.112","article-title":"Design 3D printing cementitious materials via Fuller Thompson theory and Marson-Percy model","volume":"163","year":"2018","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"2023091110515572700_c18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2018.04.115","article-title":"Fresh properties of a novel 3D printing concrete ink","volume":"174","year":"2018","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"2023091110515572700_c19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2019.103377","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of 3D-printable geopolymeric foams for thermally efficient building envelope materials","volume":"104","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"2023091110515572700_c20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2018.09.015","article-title":"Inline quantification of extrudability of cementitious materials for digital construction","volume":"95","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"2023091110515572700_c21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2020.106256","article-title":"Modelling of 3D concrete printing based on computational fluid dynamics","volume":"138","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"2023091110515572700_c22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mfglet.2020.03.002","article-title":"Characterizing cement mixtures for concrete 3D printing","volume":"24","year":"2020","journal-title":"Manuf. Lett."},{"key":"2023091110515572700_c23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2020.103671","article-title":"A critical examination of the influence of material characteristics and extruder geometry on 3D printing of cementitious binders","volume":"112","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"2023091110515572700_c24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2020.106258","article-title":"Rheological and pumping behavior of 3D printable cementitious materials with varying aggregate content","volume":"139","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"2023091110515572700_c25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104939","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2023.104939","article-title":"Extrusion nozzle design and print parameter selections for 3D concrete printing","volume":"137","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"2023091110515572700_c26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103820","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2020.103820","article-title":"Influence of supplementary cementitious materials on rheological properties of 3D printed fly ash based geopolymer","volume":"114","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"2023091110515572700_c27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122797","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2021.122797","article-title":"Mix design and rheological properties of magnesium potassium phosphate cement composites based on the 3D printing extrusion system","volume":"284","year":"2021","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"2023091110515572700_c28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2023.132119","article-title":"Early-agre strength and failure characteristics of 3D printable polymer concrete","volume":"394","year":"2023","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"2023091110515572700_c29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104854","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2022.104854","article-title":"Rheological characterization of ultra-high performance concrete for 3D printing","volume":"136","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"volume-title":"Dynamics of Polymeric Liquids Vol. 1: Fluid Mechanics","year":"1987","key":"2023091110515572700_c30"},{"volume-title":"Rheological Methods in Food Process Engineering","year":"1996","key":"2023091110515572700_c31"},{"volume-title":"Understanding Rheology and Technology of Polymer Extrusion","year":"2019","key":"2023091110515572700_c32"},{"key":"2023091110515572700_c33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104060","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2021.104060","article-title":"Ambient temperature cured \u2018just-add-water\u2019 geopolymer for 3D concrete printing applications","volume":"121","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"2023091110515572700_c34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2021.103599","article-title":"A review of printing strategies, sustainable cementitious materials and characterization methods in the context of extrusion-based 3D concrete printing","volume":"45","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"2023091110515572700_c35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.14359\/14304","article-title":"Design of concrete pumping circuit","volume":"102","year":"2005","journal-title":"ACI Mater. J."},{"key":"2023091110515572700_c36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1002\/adv.1985.060050202","article-title":"Pressure drop for molten polymer flow through tapered dies","volume":"5","year":"1985","journal-title":"Adv. Polym. Technol."},{"key":"2023091110515572700_c37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1515\/revce-1983-0102","article-title":"The rheology and flow of viscoplastic materials","volume":"1","year":"1983","journal-title":"Rev. Chem. Eng."},{"volume-title":"Ansys Fluent Theory Guide, Release 2022 R1","year":"2022","author":"ANSYS Inc","key":"2023091110515572700_c38"},{"year":"1983","key":"2023091110515572700_c39","article-title":"Numerical simulation of the flow of fluids with yield stress"},{"key":"2023091110515572700_c40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/0377-0257(84)80029-4","article-title":"Numerical study of the Bingham squeeze film problem","volume":"15","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech."},{"key":"2023091110515572700_c41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1122\/1.550042","article-title":"Numerical analysis of extrudate swell in viscoelastic materials with yield stress","volume":"33","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Rheol."},{"key":"2023091110515572700_c42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2016.06.003","article-title":"Flow of fresh concrete through reinforced elements: Experimental validation of the porous analogy numerical method","volume":"88","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"2023091110515572700_c43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2015.08.008","article-title":"Influence of the viscosity of self-compacting concrete and the presence of rebars on the formwork pressure while filling bottom up","volume":"101","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eng. Struct."},{"key":"2023091110515572700_c44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A69","DOI":"10.1017\/jfm.2021.112","article-title":"The converging flow of viscoplastic fluid in a wedge or cone","volume":"915","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Fluid Mech."},{"key":"2023091110515572700_c45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1960","DOI":"10.1002\/pen.21430","article-title":"Slip effects in tapered dies","volume":"49","year":"2009","journal-title":"Polym. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"2023091110515572700_c46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnnfm.2011.08.004","article-title":"Thixotropic flow of toothpaste through extrusion dies","volume":"166","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech."},{"key":"2023091110515572700_c47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnnfm.2020.104393","article-title":"Flow of a Bingham fluid in a pipe of variable radius","volume":"285","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech."},{"key":"2023091110515572700_c48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"030701","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5002650","article-title":"Pressure-driven flow of a Herschel\u2013Bulkley fluid with pressure-dependent rheological parameters","volume":"30","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys. Fluids"},{"key":"2023091110515572700_c49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2015.05.003","article-title":"Avoiding inaccurate interpretations of rheological measurements for cement-based materials","volume":"78","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"2023091110515572700_c50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111301","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0070209","article-title":"Yield stress measurements technique: A review","volume":"33","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys. Fluids"},{"key":"2023091110515572700_c51","article-title":"Pumping of concrete and mortar\u2014State of the art"},{"key":"2023091110515572700_c52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"013112","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0133876","article-title":"Experimental footprints of a water-rich depletion layer in the Herschel\u2013Bulkley pipe flow of solidifying polyelectrolytes","volume":"35","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phys. Fluids"},{"volume-title":"Rheology: Principles, Measurements and Applications","year":"1994","key":"2023091110515572700_c53"},{"volume-title":"Engineering Rheology","year":"1988","key":"2023091110515572700_c54"},{"key":"2023091110515572700_c55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1007\/s00397-007-0164-0","article-title":"The use of the capillary rheometer for the rheological evaluation of extrudable cement-based materials","volume":"46","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rheol. Acta"},{"key":"2023091110515572700_c56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1122\/1.550350","article-title":"Entry and exit flows of Bingham fluids","volume":"36","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Rheol."},{"key":"2023091110515572700_c57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3215","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-2509(98)00105-5","article-title":"Die entry pressure drops in paste extrusion","volume":"53","year":"1998","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"2023091110515572700_c58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2009.05.014","article-title":"Rheological behavior of mortars under different squeezing rates","volume":"39","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"year":"2007","key":"2023091110515572700_c59","article-title":"Extended rheological characterization of cement pastes: Squeeze flow plus rotational rheometry"},{"key":"2023091110515572700_c60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2013.12.009","article-title":"Characterisation of rendering mortars by squeeze-flow and rotational rheometry","volume":"57","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."}],"container-title":["Physics of Fluids"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/aip\/pof\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1063\/5.0168928\/18119722\/093104_1_5.0168928.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/aip\/pof\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1063\/5.0168928\/18119722\/093104_1_5.0168928.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]],"date-time":"2023-09-11T10:52:06Z","timestamp":1694429526000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/pof\/article\/35\/9\/093104\/2910556\/Pressure-drop-in-converging-flows-in-three"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/5.0168928","relation":{},"ISSN":["1070-6631","1089-7666"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1070-6631"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1089-7666"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]]},"article-number":"093104"}}