{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T11:26:51Z","timestamp":1753874811258,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"AIP Publishing","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]],"date-time":"2025-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748822400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP\/04968\/2020","2022.02654.CEECIND\/CP1719\/CT0005","UIDB\/04968\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04968\/2020","2022.02654.CEECIND\/CP1719\/CT0005","UIDB\/04968\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018693","name":"HORIZON EUROPE Framework Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["863307"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["863307"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018693","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100023978","name":"Comiss\u00e3o de Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o e Desenvolvimento Regional do Norte","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER022096"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER022096"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100023978","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["pubs.aip.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The emergence of Electronic Tattoos marks a significant shift in non-invasive health monitoring and human\u2013machine interaction. In this work, we present the development of a Self-powered Intelligent e-Tattoo capable of localizing varying thermal stimuli, serving as a versatile sensor for temperature anomalies and touch, using the concept of the thermoelectric phenomenon. By employing a planar design crossing screen printed stripes of p-type and n-type Bi2Te3, the fabricated device was able to monitor up to 21 distinct positions. The design was validated via numerical simulations with COMSOL Multiphysics, leading to the training of a Multi-Label Classifier Neural Network that achieved 99.5% accuracy in predicting heat applied to combinations of nine positions. Herein, the prototypes were microfabricated using screen-printing techniques on both Kapton (KS) and temporary Tattoo Paper (TPS) substrates. These prototypes, which combined Bi2Te3 powder with H3PO4-doped PVA, demonstrated remarkable Power Factors (PF) of 12.83 \u03bcW K\u22122\u00a0m\u22121 (n-type) and 1.45 \u03bcW K\u22122\u00a0m\u22121 (p-type), particularly on KS substrates. The collected device data served as pivotal training sets for Multi-Class Classifier Deep Neural Networks (DNN), yielding exceptional F1-scores of 94% and 85% for the KS and TPS devices, respectively, on test sets. Furthermore, a comprehensive study involving several individuals corroborated the e-Tattoo\u2019s effectiveness as an efficient touch sensor. By utilizing the developed DNN models, this validation achieved an impressive F1-score of up to 78%. These findings underscore the growing promise of e-Tattoos in revolutionizing human\u2013machine interactions, indicating a significant shift toward improved personal health monitoring and digital engagement, offering autonomous operation without the need for external power sources.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0257504","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]],"date-time":"2025-06-03T15:43:09Z","timestamp":1748965389000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Innovative-self-powered <i>e<\/i>-tattoo sensor: A new frontier in human\u2013machine interaction"],"prefix":"10.1063","volume":"1","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2025-1673","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o C. L.","family":"Folhadela","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IFIMUP\u2013Institute of Physics for Advanced Materials, Nanotechnology and Photonics, Physics and Astronomy department, Faculty of Sciences of Porto University , 4169-007 Porto,","place":["Portugal"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4603-1059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IFIMUP\u2013Institute of Physics for Advanced Materials, Nanotechnology and Photonics, Physics and Astronomy department, Faculty of Sciences of Porto University , 4169-007 Porto,","place":["Portugal"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5309-4105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o. P.","family":"Maganinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IFIMUP\u2013Institute of Physics for Advanced Materials, Nanotechnology and Photonics, Physics and Astronomy department, Faculty of Sciences of Porto University , 4169-007 Porto,","place":["Portugal"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6439-7946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana L.","family":"Pires","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IFIMUP\u2013Institute of Physics for Advanced Materials, Nanotechnology and Photonics, Physics and Astronomy department, Faculty of Sciences of Porto University , 4169-007 Porto,","place":["Portugal"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8587-262X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9 M.","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IFIMUP\u2013Institute of Physics for Advanced Materials, Nanotechnology and Photonics, Physics and Astronomy department, Faculty of Sciences of Porto University , 4169-007 Porto,","place":["Portugal"]}]}],"member":"317","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025060311430127500_c1","unstructured":"Statista, Internet of Things\u2014Worldwide, 2023, https:\/\/www.statista.com\/outlook\/tmo\/internet-of-things\/worldwide#revenue, accessed 9 November 2023."},{"first-page":"207","article-title":"Reliability side-effects in internet of things application layer protocols","year":"2018","key":"2025060311430127500_c2"},{"key":"2025060311430127500_c3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1206157","volume":"333","year":"2011","journal-title":"Epidermal Electron."},{"key":"2025060311430127500_c4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crbiot.2023.100129","article-title":"E-skin\u2014Based advanced wearable technology for health management","volume":"5","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. 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