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The model accurately resolves the nonlinear superposition of multiple confined water effects, including shallow-water, bank, blockage, and cul-de-sac channel effects (induced by the lock chamber's closed end), and captures the dynamic transition from standstill to acceleration and subsequent deceleration. A total of 14 representative cases were designed, covering variations in ship speed, water depth and propulsion mode to comprehensively investigate the hydrodynamic characteristics of ship lock entry. Results show that confined water effect markedly increases viscous pressure resistance, with its proportion in viscous resistance reaching up to 90.4% under constant-speed conditions. Under fixed-thrust conditions, the peak viscous resistance in shallow water when water depth-to-draft ratio (h\/T) is 1.2 is 437.1% higher than in deep water (h\/T\u2009=\u200930), and the lock-entry duration is extended by 44.3%. Initial speed has a pronounced influence on entry efficiency. Compared with a 0\u2009m\/s start, an initial speed of 0.15\u2009m\/s shortens entry time by 40.5%, while final velocities converge to 0.048\u2009m\/s with a reduction of 70.4%. This indicates a dynamic equilibrium effect imposed by the lock chamber flow on ship speed. These findings provide valuable insights for lock design and navigation strategy optimization in confined waterways.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0297802","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T14:34:02Z","timestamp":1769006042000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/aip-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Numerical study on hydrodynamic characteristics of the ship lock entry process under both constant-speed and fixed-thrust conditions"],"prefix":"10.1063","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8010-211X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ziping","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Tingqiu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9606-7220","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiu","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6990-8071","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Marine Technology and Engineering (CENTEC), Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa 3 , 1049-001 Lisboa,","place":["Portugal"]}]},{"given":"Xiaocheng","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Junlin","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8570-4263","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C.","family":"Guedes Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Marine Technology and Engineering (CENTEC), Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa 3 , 1049-001 Lisboa,","place":["Portugal"]}]}],"member":"317","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026012109335640200_c1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2019.106696","article-title":"Numerical and experimental study on hydrodynamic performance of ships advancing through different canals","volume":"195","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"2026012109335640200_c2","article-title":"Numerical prediction of resistance and squat for a containership in shallow water","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 17th Numerical Towing Tank Symposium","author":"Bensow","year":"2014"},{"key":"2026012109335640200_c3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2012.07.009","article-title":"A prediction method for squat in restricted and unrestricted rectangular fairways","volume":"55","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"2026012109335640200_c4","article-title":"Sailing in shallow water waves with the DTC container carrier: Open model test data for validation purposes","year":"2019"},{"key":"2026012109335640200_c5","volume-title":"Fahrdynamisches Verhalten Eines Gro\u00dfen Containerschiffs in Seitenund Tiefenbegrenztem Fahrwasser","year":"2010"},{"key":"2026012109335640200_c6","article-title":"Sinkage and trim of modern container ships in shallow water","year":"2015"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026012109335640200_c7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"051201","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4046484","article-title":"A numerical method for calculation of ship-ship hydrodynamics interaction in shallow water accounting for sinkage and trim","volume":"142","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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