{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T12:03:06Z","timestamp":1770638586065,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,11,5]],"date-time":"2001-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1004918400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clin Pharma and Therapeutics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Many commonly ingested substances such as grapefruit juice and <jats:italic>Hypericum perforatum<\/jats:italic> (St John's wort) have been found to interact with important therapeutic agents such as cyclosporine (INN, ciclosporin). The mechanism for these interactions is thought to involve modulation of the activity of the drug\u2010metabolizing enzyme cytochrome P4503A4 (CYP3A4) and\/or the drug transport protein P\u2010glycoprotein. In vitro data suggest that red wine may interact with CYP3A4 substrates such as cyclosporine.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conducted a randomized, 2\u2010way crossover study of 12 healthy individuals. Subjects received a single 8\u2010mg\/kg dose of oral cyclosporine with water (control) and with 12 oz of red wine (Blackstone Merlot 1996; Blackstone Winery, Graton, Calif). Whole blood was analyzed for cyclosporine and 6 metabolites by specific fluorescence polarization immunoassay and tandem liquid chromatography\u2010mass spectrometry. Blood levels of cyclosporine were compared between the 2 arms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Red wine caused a 50% increase in the oral clearance of cyclosporine. Systemic exposure as measured by the area under the concentration\u2010versus\u2010time curve (AUC) and peak concentration (C<jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>) were significantly decreased by red wine. However, half\u2010life was not affected, suggesting that red wine decreased cyclosporine absorption. In vitro, the solubility of cyclosporine in red wine appeared to be lower than in water.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Administration of cyclosporine with red wine causes a significant decrease in cyclosporine exposure. Because cyclosporine is a narrow therapeutic range compound, caution may be warranted with concomitant intake of red wine and cyclosporine.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:italic>Clinical Pharmacology &amp; Therapeutics<\/jats:italic> (2001) <jats:bold>70<\/jats:bold>, 462\u2013467; doi: <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"doi\" xlink:href=\"10.1016\/S0009-9236(01)70992-7\">10.1016\/S0009\u20109236(01)70992\u20107<\/jats:ext-link><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1016\/s0009-9236(01)70992-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,12,12]],"date-time":"2004-12-12T00:47:11Z","timestamp":1102812431000},"page":"462-467","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Red wine decreases cyclosporine bioavailability"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"Shirley M.","family":"Tsunoda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Bouv\u00e9 College of Health Sciences Northeastern University  Boston"},{"name":"Amgen  Thousand Oaks"},{"name":"Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences University of California  San Francisco"},{"name":"Division of Transplant Surgery, New England Medical Center  Boston Mass."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert Z.","family":"Harris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Bouv\u00e9 College of Health Sciences Northeastern University  Boston"},{"name":"Amgen  Thousand Oaks"},{"name":"Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences University of California  San Francisco"},{"name":"Division of Transplant Surgery, New England Medical Center  Boston Mass."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Uwe","family":"Christians","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Bouv\u00e9 College of Health Sciences Northeastern University  Boston"},{"name":"Amgen  Thousand Oaks"},{"name":"Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences University of California  San Francisco"},{"name":"Division of Transplant Surgery, New England Medical Center  Boston Mass."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rebecca L.","family":"Velez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Bouv\u00e9 College of Health Sciences Northeastern University  Boston"},{"name":"Amgen  Thousand Oaks"},{"name":"Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences University of California  San Francisco"},{"name":"Division of Transplant Surgery, New England Medical Center  Boston Mass."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard B.","family":"Freeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Bouv\u00e9 College of Health Sciences Northeastern University  Boston"},{"name":"Amgen  Thousand Oaks"},{"name":"Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences University of California  San Francisco"},{"name":"Division of Transplant Surgery, New England Medical Center  Boston Mass."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leslie Z.","family":"Benet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Bouv\u00e9 College of Health Sciences Northeastern University  Boston"},{"name":"Amgen  Thousand Oaks"},{"name":"Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences University of California  San Francisco"},{"name":"Division of Transplant Surgery, New England Medical Center  Boston Mass."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abigail","family":"Warshaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Bouv\u00e9 College of Health Sciences Northeastern University  Boston"},{"name":"Amgen  Thousand Oaks"},{"name":"Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences University of California  San Francisco"},{"name":"Division of Transplant Surgery, New England Medical Center  Boston Mass."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2001,11,5]]},"container-title":["Clinical Pharmacology &amp; Therapeutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ascpt.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1016\/S0009-9236%2801%2970992-7","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,18]],"date-time":"2023-11-18T14:31:02Z","timestamp":1700317862000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ascpt.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1016\/S0009-9236%2801%2970992-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2001,11]]},"references-count":0,"aliases":["10.1067\/mcp.2001.119814"],"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1016\/S0009-9236(01)70992-7"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0009-9236(01)70992-7","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0009-9236","1532-6535"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0009-9236","type":"print"},{"value":"1532-6535","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2001,11]]}}}