{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T06:21:36Z","timestamp":1791181296846,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":121,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2000,12,1]],"date-time":"2000-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":975628800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Annals of Emergency Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,12]]},"DOI":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,25]],"date-time":"2002-07-25T04:20:13Z","timestamp":1027570813000},"page":"602-614","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":218,"title":["Management of fever without source in infants and children"],"prefix":"10.1067","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Larry J.","family":"Baraff","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1097\/00006565-199104000-00001","article-title":"The spectrum and frequency of illness presenting to a pediatric emergency department","volume":"7","author":"Krauss","year":"1991","journal-title":"Pediatr Emerg Care"},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.90.1.5","article-title":"Spectrum and frequency of pediatric illness presenting to a general community hospital emergency department","volume":"90","author":"Nelson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.152.7.624","article-title":"Risk of bacteremia for febrile young children in the post-Haemophilus influenzae type b era","volume":"152","author":"Lee","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib4","first-page":"117","article-title":"Characteristics and management of febrile young children seen in a university family practice","volume":"21","author":"Soman","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Fam Pract"},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198711053171902","article-title":"Antibiotic administration to treat possible occult bacteremia in febrile children","volume":"317","author":"Jaffe","year":"1987","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199306000-00003","article-title":"Antimicrobial treatment of occult bacteremia: a multicenter cooperative study","volume":"12","author":"Bass","year":"1993","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(05)83126-9","article-title":"Intramuscular versus oral antibiotic therapy for the prevention of meningitis and other bacterial sequelae in young, febrile children at risk for occult bacteremia","volume":"124","author":"Fleisher","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(98)70225-2","article-title":"Predictors of occult pneumococcal bacteremia in young febrile children","volume":"31","author":"Kuppermann","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.92.1.1","article-title":"Practice guideline for the management of infants and children with fever without source 0-36 months of age","volume":"92","author":"Baraff","year":"1993","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1097\/00006565-199410000-00005","article-title":"Occult bacteremia: is there a standard of care?","volume":"10","author":"Ros","year":"1994","journal-title":"Pediatr Emerg Care"},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.95.5.623","article-title":"The management of febrile infants by primary-care pediatricians in Utah: comparison with published practice guidelines","volume":"95","author":"Young","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.101.5.825","article-title":"Pediatricians\u2019 awareness of and attitudes about four clinical practice guidelines","volume":"101","author":"Chdstakis","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1097\/00006565-199804000-00001","article-title":"Pediatric emergency medicine practice patterns: a comparison of pediatric and general emergency physicians","volume":"14","author":"Schweich","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pediatr Emerg Care"},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199804000-00002","article-title":"A survey about management of febrile children without source by primary care physicians","volume":"17","author":"Wittler","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199903000-00005","article-title":"Predictors of physician compliance with a published guideline on management of febrile infants","volume":"18","author":"Zerr","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.100.1.128","article-title":"Management of the young febrile child: a commentary on recent practice guidelines","volume":"100","author":"Kramer","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(05)83137-3","article-title":"Antibiotic therapy in febrile children: \u201cbest-laid schemes\u201d [editorial]","volume":"124","author":"Long","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(87)80282-2","article-title":"Observation, history and physical examination in diagnosis of illnesses in febrile children less than or equal to 24 months","volume":"110","author":"McCarthy","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.70.5.802","article-title":"Observation scales to identify serious illness in febrile children","volume":"70","author":"McCarthy","year":"1982","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.76.2.167","article-title":"Predictive value of abnormal physical examination findings in ill-appearing and well-appearing febrile children","volume":"76","author":"McCarthy","year":"1985","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.108.5.1297","article-title":"Effect of routine emergency department pulse oximetry screening on medical management","volume":"108","author":"Mower","year":"1995","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/S0954-6111(96)90017-7","article-title":"A comparison of pulse oximetry and respiratory rate in patient screening","volume":"90","author":"Mower","year":"1996","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.99.5.681","article-title":"Pulse oximetry as a fifth pediatric vital sign","volume":"99","author":"Mower","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib24","first-page":"436","article-title":"Supralingual temperatures compared to tympanic and rectal temperatures","volume":"22","author":"Beckstrand","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pediatr Nurs"},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02532519","article-title":"Modem electronic and chemical thermometers used in the axilla are inaccurate","volume":"155","author":"Zengeya","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(95)70350-0","article-title":"Reliability of infrared tympanic thermometry in the detection of rectal fever in children","volume":"25","author":"Brennan","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-198702000-00010","article-title":"Bacteremia in children afebrile at presentation to an emergency room","volume":"6","author":"Kline","year":"1987","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199003000-00001","article-title":"Evaluation of management of febrile infants younger than 60 days of age","volume":"9","author":"Powell","year":"1990","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199003000-00002","article-title":"Correlating reported fever in young infants with subsequent temperature pattern and rate of serious bacterial infections","volume":"9","author":"Bonadio","year":"1990","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J."},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.84.6.1051","article-title":"Fever and petechiae in children","volume":"84","author":"Baker","year":"1989","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(97)80065-0","article-title":"Incidence of bacteremia in infants and children with fever and petechiae","volume":"131","author":"Mandl","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1542\/pir.5-10-305","article-title":"Approach to the febrile patient with no obvious focus of infection","volume":"5","author":"Long","year":"1984","journal-title":"Pediatr Rev"},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1177\/000992288102000601","article-title":"Management of febrile outpatient neonates","volume":"20","author":"Greene","year":"1981","journal-title":"Clin Pediatr."},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib34","first-page":"1150","article-title":"Hospitalization v outpatient treatment of young, febrile infants","volume":"137","author":"DeAngelis","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am J Dis Child"},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(85)80175-X","article-title":"Identification of infants unlikely to have serious bacterial infection although hospitalized for suspected sepsis","volume":"107","author":"Dagan","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib36","first-page":"1146","article-title":"Iatrogenic risks and financial costs of hospitalizing febrile infants","volume":"137","author":"DeAngelis","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am J Dis Child"},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(05)80591-8","article-title":"Outpatient treatment of febrile infants 28 to 90 days of age with intramuscular administration of ceftriazone","volume":"120","author":"Baskin","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199311113292001","article-title":"Outpatient management without antibiotics of fever in selected infants","volume":"329","author":"Baker","year":"1993","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.103.3.627","article-title":"The efficacy of routine outpatient management without antibiotics of fever in selected infants","volume":"103","author":"Baker","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(86)80122-6","article-title":"Difficulties in universal application of criteria identifying infants at low risk for serious bacterial infection","volume":"109","author":"Anbar","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(88)80312-3","article-title":"Ambulatory care of febrile infants younger than 2 months of age classified as being at low risk for having serious bacterial infections","volume":"112","author":"Dagan","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1177\/000992289002900803","article-title":"Febrile infants less than eight weeks old: predictors of infection","volume":"29","author":"Broner","year":"1990","journal-title":"Clin Pediatr."},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.94.3.390","article-title":"Febrile infants at low risk for serious bacterial infection\u2014an appraisal of the Rochester criteria and implications for management","volume":"94","author":"Jaskiewicz","year":"1994","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199701000-00013","article-title":"Identification of febrile neonates unlikely to have bacterial infections","volume":"16","author":"Chiu","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib45","first-page":"561","article-title":"Which febrile infants younger than two weeks of age are likely to have sepsis? A pilot study","volume":"7","author":"Crain","year":"1988","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199006000-00003","article-title":"Outpatient management of selected infants younger than two months of age evaluated for possible sepsis","volume":"9","author":"McCarthy","year":"1990","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib47","series-title":"PROS Febrile Infant Study: Final Report and Appendices. American Academy of Pediatrics","author":"American Academy of Pediatrics","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199204000-00001","article-title":"Probability of bacterial infections in infants less than three months of age: a meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Baraff","year":"1992","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.85.6.1040","article-title":"Failure of infant observation scales in detecting serious illness in febrile 4 to 8 week old infants","volume":"85","author":"Baker","year":"1990","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib50","first-page":"295","article-title":"Lumbar puncture as a factor in the pathogenesis of meningitis","volume":"62","author":"Pray","year":"1941","journal-title":"Am J Dis Child"},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198110293051810","article-title":"Meningitis after lumbar puncture in children with bacteremia","volume":"305","author":"Teele","year":"1981","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.72.5.608","article-title":"Treatment of occult bacteremia: a prospective randomized clinical trial","volume":"72","author":"Carroll","year":"1983","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1177\/000992287801700202","article-title":"Bacteremia in 28 ambulatory children","volume":"17","author":"Hamrick","year":"1978","journal-title":"Clin Pediatr."},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(82)80003-6","article-title":"Pneumococcal bacteremia in pediatric patients","volume":"11","author":"Rosenberg","year":"1982","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1990.02150350027017","article-title":"Bacteremia in an ambulatory setting. Improved outcome in children treated with antibiotics","volume":"144","author":"Woods","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Dis Child"},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib56","first-page":"15","article-title":"Risk factors for the development of bacterial meningitis among children with occult bacteremia","volume":"109","author":"Shapiro","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.31.4.793-797.1993","article-title":"Comparison of the BacT\/Alert pediatric blood culture system, Pedi-BacT, with conventional culture using the 20-milliliter Becton-Dickinson supplemented peptone broth tube","volume":"31","author":"Krisher","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.32.3.811-818.1994","article-title":"Detection of bacteremia by Difco ESP blood culture system","volume":"32","author":"Morello","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.35.5.1166-1171.1997","article-title":"Comparison of the BacT\/Alert FAN aerobic and the Difco ESP 80A aerobic bottles for pediatric blood cultures","volume":"35","author":"Welby-Sellenriek","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1097\/00006565-199402000-00006","article-title":"Evaluation of false positive blood cultures: guidelines for early detection of contaminated cultures in febrile children","volume":"10","author":"Komberg","year":"1994","journal-title":"Pediatr Emerg Care"},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.80.1.69","article-title":"Long term neurological outcome of herpes encephalitis","volume":"80","author":"Lahat","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198601163140303","article-title":"Vidarabine versus acyclovir therapy in herpes simplex encephalitis","volume":"314","author":"Whitley","year":"1986","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199912000-00002","article-title":"Enerovirus infections: diagnosis and treatment","volume":"18","author":"Sawyer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/8.6.918","article-title":"Perinatal echovirus infection: insights from a literature review of 61 cases of serious infection and 16 outbreaks in nurseries","volume":"8","author":"Modlin","year":"1986","journal-title":"Rev Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.88.4.821","article-title":"Is a chest radiograph necessary in the evaluation of every febrile infant less than 8 weeks of age?","volume":"88","author":"Crain","year":"1991","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1097\/00006565-198909000-00001","article-title":"Indications for chest roentgenogram in the febrile young infant","volume":"5","author":"Losek","year":"1989","journal-title":"Pediatr Emerg Care"},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib67","author":"Shaw"},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(05)81531-8","article-title":"Prevalence of urinary tract infection in febrile infants","volume":"123","author":"Hoberman","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-198703000-00004","article-title":"Prevalence of bacteriuria in febrile children","volume":"6","author":"Bauchner","year":"1987","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.103.4.843","article-title":"Practice parameter: the diagnosis, treatment, and evaluation of the initial urinary tract infection in febrile infants and young children. Committee on Quality Improvement. Subcommittee on Urinary Tract Infection","volume":"103","author":"American Academy of Pediatrics","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199701000-00004","article-title":"Urinary tract infections in young febrile infants","volume":"16","author":"Hoberman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.104.1.79","article-title":"Oral versus initial intravenous therapy for urinary tract infections in young febrile children","volume":"104","author":"Hoberman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.91.6.1196","article-title":"Enhanced urinalysis as a screening test for urinary tract infection","volume":"91","author":"Hoberman","year":"1993","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199604000-00005","article-title":"Is urine culture necessary to rule out urinary tract infection in young febrile children?","volume":"15","author":"Hoberman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e54","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.104.5.e54","article-title":"Screening tests for urinary tract infection: a meta-analysis","volume":"104","author":"Gorelick","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.86.3.363","article-title":"Urinary tract infections in febrile infants less than 8 weeks of age","volume":"86","author":"Crain","year":"1990","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199409000-00005","article-title":"The value of urinalysis in differentiating acute pyelonephritis from lower urinary tract infection in febrile infants","volume":"13","author":"Landau","year":"1994","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib78","article-title":"Nonbacterial pneumonia","author":"Boyer","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(87)80066-5","article-title":"Pneumonia in pediatric outpatients: cause and clinical manifestations","volume":"111","author":"Turner","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00974077","article-title":"Differentiating bacterial from viral pneumonias in children","volume":"18","author":"Bettenay","year":"1988","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1177\/000992288102001101","article-title":"Radiographic findings and etiologic diagnosis in ambulatory childhood pneumonias","volume":"20","author":"McCarthy","year":"1981","journal-title":"Clin Pediatr."},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(96)70189-0","article-title":"Utility of blood cultures in pediatric patients found to have pneumonia in the emergency department","volume":"27","author":"Hickey","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(99)70390-2","article-title":"Occult pneumonias: empiric chest radiographs in febrile children with leukocytosis","volume":"33","author":"Bachur","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1177\/000992288202101205","article-title":"Clinical predictors of pneumonia as a guide to ordering chest roentgenograms","volume":"21","author":"Leventhal","year":"1982","journal-title":"Clin Pediatr."},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(86)80374-2","article-title":"Correlation of pulmonary signs and symptoms with chest radiographs in the pediatric age group","volume":"15","author":"Zukin","year":"1986","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(89)80304-X","article-title":"Decision rules and clinical prediction of pneumonia: evaluation of low-yield criteria","volume":"18","author":"Singal","year":"1989","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-200003000-00003","article-title":"Efficacy, safety and immunogenicity of heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in children","volume":"19","author":"Black","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157A","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199904020-00932","article-title":"Efficacy of heptavalent conjugate pneumococcal vaccine (Wyeth Lederle) in 37,000 infants and children: results of the northern California Kaiser Permanente efficacy trial [abstract]","volume":"45","author":"Black","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib89","first-page":"901","article-title":"Progress toward elimination of Haemophilus influenzae type b disease among infants and children\u2014United States, 1987-1995","volume":"45","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"1996","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep."},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/40.2.149","article-title":"Is Haemophilus influenzae finished?","volume":"40","author":"Booy","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E28","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.103.3.e28","article-title":"Risk factors for invasive pneumococcal disease in children: a population-based case-control study in North America","volume":"103","author":"Levine","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib92","first-page":"784","article-title":"Bacterial meningitis and septicemia in sickle cell disease","volume":"131","author":"Overturf","year":"1977","journal-title":"Am J Dis Child"},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/173.4.870","article-title":"Invasive pneumococcal infections in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children","volume":"173","author":"Mao","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.102.5.1087","article-title":"Three-year multicenter surveillance of pneumococcal meningitis in children: clinical characteristics, and outcome related to penicillin susceptibility and dexamethasone use","volume":"102","author":"Arditi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1177\/000992289603500204","article-title":"Long-term sequelae of pneumococcal meningitis in children","volume":"35","author":"Pikis","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin Pediatr."},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199305000-00008","article-title":"Outcomes of bacterial meningitis in children: a meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Baraff","year":"1993","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.99.3.438","article-title":"Do oral antibiotics prevent meningitis and serious bacterial infections in children with Streptococcus pneumoniae occult bacteremia? A meta-analysis","volume":"99","author":"Rothrock","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1553-2712.1998.tb02468.x","article-title":"Parenteral vs oral antibiotics in the prevention of serious bacterial infections in children with Streptococcus pneumoniae occult bacteremia: a meta-analysis","volume":"5","author":"Rothrock","year":"1998","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-198901000-00002","article-title":"Blood cultures in private pediatric practice: an eleven-year experience","volume":"8","author":"Baron","year":"1989","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(77)81231-6","article-title":"Outcome of unsuspected pneumococcemia in children not initially admitted to the hospital","volume":"90","author":"Bratton","year":"1977","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(83)80402-8","article-title":"A comparative study of the prevalence, outcome and prediction of bacteremia in children","volume":"103","author":"Dershewitz","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199509000-00006","article-title":"Effect of antiobiotic therapy on the outcome of outpatients with unsuspected bacteremia","volume":"14","author":"Harper","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.57.6.861","article-title":"Bacteremia in children: an outpatient clinical review","volume":"57","author":"McCarthy","year":"1976","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1097\/00006565-198712000-00001","article-title":"Relationship of bacteremia to antipyretic therapy in febrile children","volume":"3","author":"Yamamoto","year":"1987","journal-title":"Pediatr Emerg Care"},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(83)80290-X","article-title":"Unsuspected meningococcemia","volume":"102","author":"Dashefsky","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.80.1.63","article-title":"Neisseria meningitidis bacteremia in children: quantitation of bacteremia and spontaneous clinical recovery without antibiotic therapy","volume":"80","author":"Sullivan","year":"1987","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E20","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.103.2.e20","article-title":"Clinical and hematologic features do not reliably identify children with unsuspected meningococcal disease","volume":"103","author":"Kuppermann","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib108","first-page":"RR8","article-title":"Prevention of pneumococcal disease: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP)","volume":"46","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"1997","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"2 Pt1","key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.106.2.362","article-title":"Policy statement: recommendations for the prevention of pneumococcal infections, including the use of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (Prevnar), pneumococcal polysacchadde vaccine, and antibiotic prophylaxis","volume":"106","author":"Committee on Infectious Diseases 1999-2000, American Academy of Pediatrics","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0503.990304","article-title":"Bacterial vaccines and serotype replacement: lessons from Haemophilus influenzae and prospects for Streptococcus pneumoniae","volume":"5","author":"Lipsitch","year":"1999","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)65585-7","article-title":"Carriage of pneumococci after pneumococcal vaccination","volume":"348","author":"Obaro","year":"1996","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib112","unstructured":"Mbelle N, Wasas A, Huebner R, et al. Immunogenicity and impact on carriage of 9-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine given to infants in Soweto, South Africa. In: Proceedings from the Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy; Sep 28-Oct 1, 1997. Toronto, Canada: 1997;No. LB-12:p 13."},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib113","unstructured":"Dagan R, Givon N, Yagupsky P, et al. Effect of a 9-valent pneumococcal vaccine conjugated to CRM197 (PncCRM9) on nasopharyngeal (NP) carriage of vaccine type and non-vaccine type S pneumoniae (Phc) strains among day-care-center (DCC) attendees. In: Proceedings from the 38th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy; Sep 24-27, 1998. San Diego, CA: 1998;No. G52."},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-3955(05)70176-0","article-title":"Occult bacteremia in young febrile children","volume":"46","author":"Kuppermann","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatr Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.100.1.136","article-title":"Management of the young febrile child. Clinical guidelines in the setting of incomplete evidence [commentary]","volume":"100","author":"Schriger","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199901000-00010","article-title":"Clinical implications of penicillin and ceftriaxone resistance among children with pneumococcal bacteremia","volume":"18","author":"Silverstein","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.102.3.538","article-title":"Three-year multicenter surveillance of systemic pneumococcal infections in children","volume":"102","author":"Kaplan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S213","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/24.Supplement_2.S213","article-title":"The challenge of penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis: current antibiotic therapy in the 1990s","volume":"24","author":"Bradley","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.99.2.289","article-title":"Therapy for children with invasive pneumococcal infections","volume":"99","author":"American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Infectious Diseases","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199111000-00018","article-title":"Ceftriaxone failure in meningitis caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae with reduced susceptibility to beta-lactam antibiotics","volume":"10","author":"Bradley","year":"1991","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"10.1067\/mem.2000.110820_bib121","first-page":"662","article-title":"Cephalosporin treatment failure in penicillin- and cephalosporin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis","volume":"11","author":"Sloas","year":"1992","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"}],"container-title":["Annals of Emergency Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0196064400096189?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0196064400096189?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,3]],"date-time":"2023-04-03T15:14:30Z","timestamp":1680534870000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0196064400096189"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2000,12]]},"references-count":121,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S0196064400096189"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1067\/mem.2000.110820","relation":{},"ISSN":["0196-0644"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0196-0644","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2000,12]]}}}