{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T16:05:14Z","timestamp":1762099514676,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,1]],"date-time":"2016-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1472688000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5479,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aao-hnsfjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Otolaryngol.--head neck surg."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title><jats:p>To determine the optimal stimulus paradigm, electrode orientation, and configuration of an implantable stimulator used to reanimate the posterior\u2010cricoarytenoid (PCA) muscle in case of bilateral vocal fold paralysis (BVFP).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>STUDY DESIGN<\/jats:title><jats:p>Acute studies were conducted on 13 canines implanted with Itrel II systems with or without PCA innervation. PCA stimulus\u2010response characteristics were obtained by measuring stimulated vocal fold displacement endoscopically.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title><jats:p>The denervated PCA was only 10% to 25% as responsive to stimulation as the innervated PCA. However, the response could be increased to 38% and 61% if the Itrel was modified to deliver 1 and 2\u00a0msec pulses, respectively. Stimuli delivered centrally to the muscle 5\u00a0mm from the median raphe improved performance.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSION AND SIGNIFICANCE<\/jats:title><jats:p>The optimal stimulus paradigm identified in this study (1\u00a0msec pulses delivered at 30 to 40\u00a0Hz and 2 to 8.5\u00a0mA) has been applied to implanted BVFP patients and improved outcome. Information regarding optimal electrode orientation could also be important to future clinical trials.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1067\/mhn.2001.118246","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,2,4]],"date-time":"2003-02-04T21:49:09Z","timestamp":1044395349000},"page":"183-192","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Determination of the Optimal Conditions for Laryngeal Pacing with the Itrel Ii Implantable Stimulator"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"125","author":[{"given":"David L.","family":"Zealear","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2010Head and Neck Surgery Vanderbilt University Nashville Tennessee"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew R.","family":"Swelstad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2010Head and Neck Surgery Vanderbilt University Nashville 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