{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T11:18:12Z","timestamp":1792063092884,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2000,1,1]],"date-time":"2000-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":946684800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,1]]},"DOI":"10.1067\/mjd.2000.103338","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,10,17]],"date-time":"2003-10-17T17:01:17Z","timestamp":1066410077000},"page":"S25-S28","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":97,"special_numbering":"P2","title":["The treatment of actinic keratoses"],"prefix":"10.1067","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Scott M.","family":"Dinehart","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1067\/mjd.2000.103338_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199405053301804","article-title":"Effect of a low-fat diet on the incidence of actinic keratosis","volume":"330","author":"Black","year":"1994","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1067\/mjd.2000.103338_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(94)70261-6","article-title":"Cryosurgery updated","volume":"31","author":"Kuflik","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1067\/mjd.2000.103338_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(82)70143-4","article-title":"Cryosurgery cure rate of actinic keratoses","volume":"7","author":"Lubritz","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1067\/mjd.2000.103338_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4362.1996.tb03649.x","article-title":"Therapeutic perspectives in actinic and other keratoses","volume":"35","author":"Schwartz","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1067\/mjd.2000.103338_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/0190-9622(95)90191-4","article-title":"Guidelines of care for actinic keratoses","volume":"32","author":"Drake","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1067\/mjd.2000.103338_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(99)70526-8","article-title":"Destructive procedures are the standard of care for treatment of actinic keratoses","volume":"40","author":"Feldman","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1067\/mjd.2000.103338_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1970.04000020002002","article-title":"Fluorouracil mechanism of action in human skin and actinic keratoses. I: effect on DNA synthesis in vivo","volume":"101","author":"Eaglstein","year":"1970","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1067\/mjd.2000.103338_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/1076-0512(94)00081-Z","article-title":"Short-term intensive 5-fluorouracil treatment of actinic keratoses","volume":"21","author":"Unis","year":"1995","journal-title":"Dermatol Surg"},{"key":"10.1067\/mjd.2000.103338_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1016\/0190-9622(91)70250-6","article-title":"Weekly pulse dosing: effective and comfortable topical 5-fluorouracil treatment of multiple facial actinic keratoses","volume":"25","author":"Pearlman","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1067\/mjd.2000.103338_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(98)70542-0","article-title":"Does intermittent ?pulse? topical 5-fluorouracil therapy allow destruction of actinic keratoses without significant inflammation?","volume":"38","author":"Epstein","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1067\/mjd.2000.103338_bib0055","unstructured":"Physician's desk reference. 52nd ed. Montvale, NJ: Medical Economics Company, Inc; 1998:2461-2."},{"key":"10.1067\/mjd.2000.103338_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1968.01610070020003","article-title":"Untoward response with topical fluorouracil","volume":"97","author":"Sams","year":"1968","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1067\/mjd.2000.103338_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1963.01590210005001","article-title":"Selective cytotoxic effect of topical 5-fluorouracil","volume":"88","author":"Dillaha","year":"1963","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1067\/mjd.2000.103338_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/1076-0512(95)00428-9","article-title":"Dermabrasion for prophylaxis and treatment of actinic keratoses","volume":"22","author":"Coleman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Dermatol Surg"},{"key":"10.1067\/mjd.2000.103338_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1995.01690140060009","article-title":"A comparison of the efficacy and safety of Jessner's solution and 35% trichloroacetic acid vs 5% fluorouracil in the treatment of widespread facial actinic keratoses","volume":"131","author":"Lawrence","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1067\/mjd.2000.103338_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(08)81988-3","article-title":"Warning! Masoprocol is a potent sensitizer [letter]","volume":"31","author":"Epstein","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1067\/mjd.2000.103338_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(197408)34:2<250::AID-CNCR2820340204>3.0.CO;2-X","article-title":"Effect of topical tubercidin on basal cell carcinomas and actinic keratoses","volume":"34","author":"Burgess","year":"1974","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1067\/mjd.2000.103338_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3835(91)90140-D","article-title":"Topical treatment of malignant and premalignant skin lesion by very low concentrations of a standard mixture (BEC) of solasodine glycosides","volume":"59","author":"Cham","year":"1991","journal-title":"Cancer Lett"},{"key":"10.1067\/mjd.2000.103338_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.3109\/09546638909086695","article-title":"A comparison of the effects of intralesional interferon a-2b and topical 5% fluorouracil cream in the treatment of solar keratoses and Bowen's disease","volume":"1","author":"Shuttleworth","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Dermatol Treat"},{"key":"10.1067\/mjd.2000.103338_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.3109\/09546638909086702","article-title":"Acitretin in the treatment and prevention of viral, premalignant and malignant skin lesions","volume":"1","author":"Rogozinski","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Dermatol Treat"},{"key":"10.1067\/mjd.2000.103338_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.3109\/09546639709160501","article-title":"Calcitriol and isotretinoin combined therapy for precancerous and cancerous skin lesions","volume":"8","author":"Majewski","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Dermatol Treat"},{"key":"10.1067\/mjd.2000.103338_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1997.03890460061007","article-title":"McLean.An open study to assess the efficacy and safety of topical 3% diclofenac in a 2.5% hyaluronic acid gel for the treatment of actinic keratoses","volume":"133","author":"Rivers","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1067\/mjd.2000.103338_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1996.tb01513.x","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy with 5-aminolevulinic acid in the treatment of actinic cheilitis","volume":"135","author":"Stender","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1067\/mjd.2000.103338_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0142(19970301)79:5<920::AID-CNCR8>3.0.CO;2-F","article-title":"Metastatic cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma derived from actinic keratosis","volume":"79","author":"Dinehart","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1067\/mjd.2000.103338_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(08)81509-5","article-title":"Nonmelanoma skin cancer in the United States: incidence","volume":"50","author":"Miller","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1067\/mjd.2000.103338_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1991.01680070094012","article-title":"Nonmelanoma skin cancer mortality: a population based survey","volume":"127","author":"Weinstock","year":"1991","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S019096220047194X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S019096220047194X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,19]],"date-time":"2019-02-19T15:23:06Z","timestamp":1550589786000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S019096220047194X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2000,1]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S019096220047194X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1067\/mjd.2000.103338","relation":{},"ISSN":["0190-9622"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0190-9622","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2000,1]]}}}