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Millock, General Counsel, State of NY, Department of Health, to Donna Lieberman, NY Civil Liberties Union Foundation (Dec 20, 1994). The letter notes, however, that the state\u2019s district attorneys, not the department of health, have responsibility for enforcing the physician-only law."},{"key":"10.1067\/mob.2000.108229_bib4","unstructured":"Armstrong v Montana , No. 98-066 (Mont Sup Ct, Oct 26, 1999)."},{"key":"10.1067\/mob.2000.108229_bib5","unstructured":"Ky Rev Stat Ann \u00a7 311.720(1); SC Code Ann \u00a7 44-41-10(a)."},{"key":"10.1067\/mob.2000.108229_bib6","unstructured":"Va Code Ann \u00a7 54.1-3408(A)."},{"key":"10.1067\/mob.2000.108229_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"See, eg, Mazurek v Armstrong , 117 S Ct 1865 (1997).","DOI":"10.1016\/S1353-6117(97)80065-0"},{"key":"10.1067\/mob.2000.108229_bib8","unstructured":"Ark Code Ann \u00a7 17-95-102."},{"key":"10.1067\/mob.2000.108229_bib9","unstructured":"DC Code Ann \u00a7 2-3301.2 (13)."},{"key":"10.1067\/mob.2000.108229_bib10","unstructured":"DC Code Ann \u00a7 2-3306.1 (a)."},{"key":"10.1067\/mob.2000.108229_bib11","unstructured":"DC Code Ann \u00a7 2-3306.6 (b)(7)."},{"key":"10.1067\/mob.2000.108229_bib12","unstructured":"Minn Stat \u00a7 147A.18."},{"key":"10.1067\/mob.2000.108229_bib13","unstructured":"225 Ill Comp Stat Ann 95\/7.5."},{"key":"10.1067\/mob.2000.108229_bib14","unstructured":"Mo Rev Stat \u00a7 334.104(1), (2)."},{"key":"10.1067\/mob.2000.108229_bib15","unstructured":"Alaska Stat \u00a7 08.68.410(1); 12 Alaska Admin Code 44.440(a), 44.447(a)."},{"key":"10.1067\/mob.2000.108229_bib16","unstructured":"See, eg, Fla Stat \u00a7\u00a7 458.347(4)(f)1, 459.022(4)(f)1; Fla Admin Code Annotated \u00a7\u00a7 64B15-6.0038(3)(a)(2), 64B8-30.008(3)(a)(2); 49 Penn Admin Code \u00a7 18.158(a)(3)(i)."},{"key":"#cr-split#-10.1067\/mob.2000.108229_bib17.1","unstructured":"Citizen Petition Regarding the Food and Drug Administration's Policy on Promotion of Unapproved Uses of Approved Drugs and Devices, 59 Fed Reg 59820, 59821 & n.4 (1994) (affirming long-standing FDA policy permitting \"unapproved\" uses of approved drugs, and citing Use of Approved Drugs for Unlabeled Indications, FDA Drug Bulletin 1982;12:4-5). Legal Status of Approved Labeling for Prescription Drugs"},{"key":"#cr-split#-10.1067\/mob.2000.108229_bib17.2","unstructured":"Prescribing for Uses Unapproved by the Food and Drug Administration, 37 Fed Reg 16503 (1972). Nightingale SL. Use of drugs for unlabeled indications. Am Fam Physician 1986;34:269."},{"key":"10.1067\/mob.2000.108229_bib18_1","first-page":"S24","article-title":"Reporting of medical abortions: information for providers","volume":"183","author":"Koonin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1067\/mob.2000.108229_bib18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.2307\/2991612","article-title":"Abortion reporting in the United States: an examination of the federal-state partnership","volume":"30","author":"Saul","year":"1998","journal-title":"Fam Plann Perspect"},{"key":"10.1067\/mob.2000.108229_bib19","unstructured":"See, eg, Minn Stat \u00a7 145.4131, subd 2."},{"key":"10.1067\/mob.2000.108229_bib20","unstructured":"See, eg, Ga Code Ann \u00a7 16-12-141.1(2)."},{"key":"10.1067\/mob.2000.108229_bib21","unstructured":"See, eg, 720 Ill Comp Stat Ann \u00a7 510\/10.1; Minn Stat \u00a7 145.4132."},{"key":"10.1067\/mob.2000.108229_bib22","unstructured":"See, eg, Ala Code \u00a7 26-21-8(c)."},{"key":"10.1067\/mob.2000.108229_bib23","unstructured":"See, eg, Idaho Code \u00a7 18-609(4)."},{"key":"10.1067\/mob.2000.108229_bib24","unstructured":"Planned Parenthood v Casey, 505 US 833, 900-01 (1992) (quoting Planned Parenthood v Danforth, 428 U.S. 52, 80-81 [1976])."},{"key":"10.1067\/mob.2000.108229_bib25","unstructured":"Ala Admin Code r 420-5-1; Alaska Stat \u00a7 18.16.010 (not enforced as to first-trimester abortions); Ariz Rev Stat \u00a7\u00a7 36-449 to -449.03; Ark Dept of Health Abortion Facilities Standards Act 509; Conn Gen Stat \u00a7 19a-116; Conn Agencies Regs \u00a7 19-13-D45-54; Fla Admin Code Ann r 59A-9.019 et seq; Haw Rev Stat \u00a7 453-16 (not enforced as to first-trimester abortions); 902 Ky Admin Regs 20:360 et seq; La Admin Code tit 48, \u00a7 I.4505 et seq; Mich Comp Laws \u00a7 333.20115(2); Miss Code Ann \u00a7 41-75-1(h), -18, -29; Mo Code Regs Ann tit 19, \u00a7 30-30.050 et seq; Neb Admin R & Regs tit 175, Ch 7; 10 NC Admin Code tit 10, \u00a7 3E.0101 et seq; Okla Admin Code 310:6000-1-2; 28 Pa Admin Code \u00a7 29.33; RI Code R R23-1-TOP, \u00a7\u00a7 2.0 et seq; SC Code Ann Regs 61-12, \u00a7 101 et seq (currently enjoined); Tenn Code Ann \u00a7 68-11-223; 25 Tex Admin Code \u00a7 139.1 et seq; Wis Admin Code Med \u00a7 11.04. The TRAP laws in Arizona and Louisiana have been preliminarily enjoined; the courts have yet to issue a final decision in those cases."},{"key":"10.1067\/mob.2000.108229_bib26","volume":"3","author":"Mississippi Department of Health","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1067\/mob.2000.108229_bib27","unstructured":"Greenville Women\u2019s Clinic v Bryant, No. 6:96-1898-21, at 76-77 (DSC, Feb 5, 1999, granting permanent injunction), appeal docketed, No. 99-1319 (4th Cir, Mar 11, 1999)."},{"key":"10.1067\/mob.2000.108229_bib28","unstructured":"Idaho Code \u00a7 18-609; Ind Code Ann \u00a7\u00a7 16-34-2-1, 16-34-2-1.1, 16-18-2-69; Kan Stat Ann \u00a7\u00a7 65-6701, 65-6708 to -6715; Ky Rev Stat Ann \u00a7 311.725 (currently enjoined pending legal challenge); La Rev Stat Ann \u00a7 40:1299.35.6; Mich Comp Laws \u00a7 333.17015; Miss Code Ann \u00a7\u00a7 41-41-33, -35; Neb Rev Stat \u00a7\u00a7 28-327, 327.01; ND Cent Code \u00a7 14-02.1-02, -02.1, -03(1); Ohio Rev Code Ann \u00a7 2317.56; Pa Stat Ann tit 18, \u00a7\u00a7 3205, 3208; SC Code Ann \u00a7\u00a7 44-41-310 to -380, 44-41-30; SD Codified Laws \u00a7\u00a7 34-23A-10.1 to -10.3, -22; Utah Code Ann \u00a7\u00a7 76-7-305, -305.5; Wis Stat Ann \u00a7 253.10."},{"key":"10.1067\/mob.2000.108229_bib29","unstructured":"Alaska Admin Code tit 12, \u00a7 40.070; Cal Code Regs tit 22, \u00a7 75040; Conn Gen Stat \u00a7 19a-116; Conn Agencies Regs \u00a7 19a-116-1(c); Me Rev Stat Ann tit 22, \u00a7 1599-A; Minn Stat Ann \u00a7 145.412(sub. 1)(4); Nev Rev Stat Ann \u00a7 442.252; RI Gen Laws \u00a7 23-4.7-2 to -4.7-5; Va Code Ann \u00a7 18.2-76."},{"key":"10.1067\/mob.2000.108229_bib30","unstructured":"Neb Rev Stat \u00a7 28-326."},{"key":"10.1067\/mob.2000.108229_bib31","unstructured":"Kan Stat Ann \u00a7 65-6701."},{"key":"10.1067\/mob.2000.108229_bib32","unstructured":"Ala Code \u00a7\u00a7 26-21-1 to -8; Ark Code Ann \u00a7\u00a7 20-16-8-1 to -808; Del Code Ann tit 24, \u00a7\u00a7 1780 - 1789B; Ga Code Ann \u00a7\u00a7 15-11-110 to -118; Idaho Code \u00a7 18-609(6); Ind Code Ann \u00a7 16-34-2-4; Iowa Code Ann \u00a7\u00a7 135L.1-.3, .6-.8; Kan Stat Ann \u00a7\u00a7 65-6701, -6704, -6705; Ky Rev Stat Ann \u00a7 311.732; La Rev Stat Ann \u00a7 40:1299.35.5; Me Rev Stat Ann tit 22, \u00a7 1597-A; Md Code Ann Health-Gen I \u00a7 20-103; Mass Gen Laws Ann ch 112, \u00a7 12S; Mich Comp Laws \u00a7\u00a7 722.901 to .908; Minn Stat Ann \u00a7\u00a7 144.343, 645.451(sub 2); Miss Code Ann \u00a7\u00a7 41-41-51 to -55; Mo Ann Stat \u00a7 188.028; Neb Rev Stat \u00a7\u00a7 71-6901 to -6909; NC Gen Stat \u00a7\u00a7 90-21.6 to -21.10; ND Cent Code \u00a7 14-02.1-03.1; Ohio Rev Code Ann \u00a7\u00a7 2919.12, 2919.121, 2151.85, 2505.073; Pa Stat Ann tit 18, \u00a7 3206; RI Gen Laws \u00a7 23-4.7-6; SC Code Ann \u00a7\u00a7 44-41-30 to -37, 44-41-10(m), (n); SD Codified Laws \u00a7\u00a7 34-23A-1-7, -7.21, -10.2, -22, 26-1-1; Tenn Code Ann \u00a7\u00a7 37-10-301 to -307; Tx Fam Code Ann \u00a7\u00a7 33.002 et seq; Utah Code Ann \u00a7 76-7-304(2); Va Code Ann \u00a7\u00a7 16.1-241(V), 16.1-228; W Va Code \u00a7\u00a7 16-2F-1 to -6; Wis Stat Ann \u00a7\u00a7 253.10, 48.02(2), 48.375; Wyo Stat Ann \u00a7 35-6-101(a)(x), -118. Parental involvement laws in Colorado, New Jersey, and Florida are currently enjoined pending legal challenges. Arizona and Idaho have new parental involvement laws scheduled to take effect in 2000."},{"key":"10.1067\/mob.2000.108229_bib33","unstructured":"See, eg, Bellotti v Baird, 443 U.S. 622 (1979); American Academy of Pediatrics v Lungren , 940 P.2d 797 (Cal 1997)."},{"key":"10.1067\/mob.2000.108229_bib34","unstructured":"Ala Code \u00a7 22-21-20; Ala Admin Code r. 420-5-1-.03(2)(e); Cal Code Regs tit 22, \u00a7 75040(b); Conn Agencies Regs \u00a7 19a-116-1(b)(6); 720 Ill Comp Stat Ann 510\/12; Mo Rev Stat \u00a7 188.047; Mo Code Regs tit 19, \u00a7 10-15.030(1); Mont Code Ann \u00a7 50-20-110(2); Mont Admin R 16.24.804; NC Admin Code tit 10, r. 3E.0311(b)(1); 18 Pa Cons Stat Ann \u00a7 3214(c); 28 Pa Code \u00a7 29.33(8); RI Code R R23-1-TOP, \u00a7 4.6; SC Code Ann Regs 61-12, \u00a7 301 (currently enjoined); SD Codified Laws \u00a7 34-23A-19(3); 25 Tex Admin Code \u00a7\u00a7 139.41(a)(2)(C), 139.53(l ); Utah Code Ann \u00a7 76-7-309."},{"key":"10.1067\/mob.2000.108229_bib35","unstructured":"Currently enjoined; see reference 27."},{"key":"10.1067\/mob.2000.108229_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199804303381801","article-title":"Early pregnancy termination with mifepristone and misoprostol in the United States","volume":"338","author":"Spitz","year":"1998","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1067\/mob.2000.108229_bib37","unstructured":"25 Tex Admin Code \u00a7 139.2(2) & (21) (B) (1998)."},{"key":"10.1067\/mob.2000.108229_bib38","unstructured":"38The North Carolina tissue examination law applies only to \u201cclinics,\u201d which are defined as freestanding facilities for the performance of abortions during the first 20 weeks of pregnancy. NC Admin Code tit 10, r. 3E.0101(1) (Aug 1999)."},{"key":"10.1067\/mob.2000.108229_bib39","unstructured":"Ala Code \u00a7 22-9A-16(c); Ark Code Ann \u00a7\u00a7 20-17-801(a), 20-17-802(a); Ariz Rev Stat \u00a7 36-331(B)(3); Cal Penal Code \u00a7 643; Cal Health & Safety Code \u00a7 7054.3; DC Code Ann \u00a7 6-214(b); Fla Stat Ann \u00a7 390.0111(7); Fl Admin Code Ann r 59A-9.030; Ga Code. Ann \u00a7 16-12-141.1(a)(1); Mich Stat Ann \u00a7 14.15(2848)(2); Miss Code Ann \u00a7 41-39-1; Mont Admin R 16.24.806(1); NC Gen Stat \u00a7 130A-131.10; NC Admin Code tit 15A, r. 13B.1301; ND Cent Code \u00a7 14-02.1-09; ND Admin Code \u00a7 33-03-02-05; SD Codified Laws \u00a7 34-25-32.4; Vt Stat Ann tit 18, \u00a7 5224."},{"key":"10.1067\/mob.2000.108229_bib40","unstructured":"Vt Stat Ann tit 18, \u00a7 5221(1)."},{"key":"10.1067\/mob.2000.108229_bib41","unstructured":"ND Cent Code \u00a7 23-02.1-02.2."},{"key":"10.1067\/mob.2000.108229_bib42","unstructured":"Although there is a remote possibility that such laws could be construed as covering all medical abortions, which are arguably \u201cinduced\u201d in the facility with the administration of methotrexate or mifepristone, they seem clearly designed to regulate abortions that occur wholly on the premises of the facility."},{"key":"10.1067\/mob.2000.108229_bib43","unstructured":"See, eg, DC Code Ann \u00a7 6-214(b) (requiring authorization from \u201cnext of kin\u201d for \u201cfinal disposition of a fetus, regardless of the duration of pregnancy\u201d); Vt Stat Ann tit 18, \u00a7 5224 (requiring authorization from a \u201cparent\u201d for disposition of \u201cfetal remains\u201d), \u00a7 5221 (defining fetal death as \u201cdeath prior to the complete expulsion or extraction from the mother of a product of conception\u201d)."},{"key":"10.1067\/mob.2000.108229_bib44","unstructured":"42 USC \u00a7\u00a7 1396-1396u; 112 Stat 3681-385, \u00a7\u00a7 508, 509 (FY 1999 Labor HHS appropriations legislation)."},{"key":"10.1067\/mob.2000.108229_bib45","unstructured":"Through its Medicaid program New York funds medically necessary abortions for women whose family incomes are <100% of the federal poverty level but denies abortion funding to women with family incomes between 100% and 185% of the poverty level, although these women are eligible to receive all other pregnancy-related services. See Hope v Perales, 634 N.E.2d 183 (NY 1994)."},{"key":"10.1067\/mob.2000.108229_bib46","unstructured":"See Planned Parenthood v Perdue, No. 3AN 98-7004 CI (Alaska Super Ct, Mar 16, 1999); Committee to Defend Reprod Rights v Myers, 625 P.2d 779 (Cal 1981); Doe v Maher, 515 A.2d 134 (Conn Super Ct 1986); Roe v Harris, No. 96977 (Idaho Dist Ct, Feb 1, 1994); Doe v Wright, No. 91 CH 1958 (Ill Cir Ct, Dec 2, 1994); Moe v Secretary of Admin & Fin, 417 N.E.2d 387 (Mass 1981); Women of Minnesota v Gomez, 542 N.W.2d 17 (Minn 1995); Jeanette R v Ellery, No. BDV-94-811 (Mont Dist Ct, May 22, 1995); Right to Choose v Byrne, 450 A.2d 925 (NJ 1982); New Mexico Right to Choose\/NARAL v Johnson, 1999 NM SC 5, 38 NM St B Bull 6 (NM, Nov 25, 1998); Planned Parenthood Ass\u2019n v Department of Human Resources, 663 P.2d 1247 (Or Ct App 1983), affirmed on statutory grounds, 687 P.2d 785 (Or 1984); Doe v Celani, No. S81-84CnC (Vt Super Ct, May 26, 1986); Women\u2019s Health Center of West Virginia, Inc v Panepinto, 446 S.E.2d 658 (W Va 1993)."},{"key":"10.1067\/mob.2000.108229_bib47","unstructured":"RI Code R 14 000 009 (602.1.1) (superseded in 2000)."},{"key":"10.1067\/mob.2000.108229_bib48","unstructured":"NM HB 129 (1999)."},{"key":"#cr-split#-10.1067\/mob.2000.108229_bib49.1","unstructured":"See, eg, Carhart v Stenberg, Nos. 98-3245NE, 98-3300NE, 1999 US App LEXIS 23162 (8th Cir, Sep 24, 1999), petition for certiorari granted in part, 120 S Ct 865 (2000)"},{"key":"#cr-split#-10.1067\/mob.2000.108229_bib49.2","unstructured":"Women's Med Prof Corp v Voinovich, 130 F.3d 187 (6th Cir 1997), certiorari denied, 118 S Ct 1347 (1998)"},{"key":"#cr-split#-10.1067\/mob.2000.108229_bib49.3","unstructured":"see also Planned Parenthood v Danforth, 428 US 52, 75-79 (1976), invalidating ban on sodium chloride solution amniocentesis method of abortion."}],"container-title":["American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002937800073774?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002937800073774?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T09:37:38Z","timestamp":1757583458000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0002937800073774"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2000,8]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S0002937800073774"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1067\/mob.2000.108229","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9378"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9378","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2000,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Legal issues in the provision of medical abortion","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1067\/mob.2000.108229","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2000 Mosby, Inc. 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