{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T20:53:23Z","timestamp":1791665603178,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,6,1]],"date-time":"2003-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1054425600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,6]]},"DOI":"10.1067\/msy.2003.169","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,6,10]],"date-time":"2003-06-10T09:44:23Z","timestamp":1055238263000},"page":"614-621","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":905,"title":["Analysis of errors reported by surgeons at three teaching hospitals"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"133","author":[{"given":"Atul A.","family":"Gawande","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Zinner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David M.","family":"Studdert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Troyen A.","family":"Brennan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1067\/msy.2003.169_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199102073240605","article-title":"The nature of adverse events in hospitalized patients: results of the Harvard Medical Practice Study II","volume":"324","author":"Leape","year":"1991","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1067\/msy.2003.169_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-200003000-00003","article-title":"Incidence and types of adverse events and negligent care in Utah and Colorado","volume":"38","author":"Thomas","year":"2000","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"key":"10.1067\/msy.2003.169_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1067\/msy.1999.98664","article-title":"The incidence and nature of surgical adverse events in Colorado and Utah in 1992","volume":"126","author":"Gawande","year":"1999","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"10.1067\/msy.2003.169_bib4","first-page":"255","article-title":"Costs of medical injuries in Utah and Colorado","volume":"36","author":"Thomas","year":"1999","journal-title":"Inquiry"},{"key":"10.1067\/msy.2003.169_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198103123041103","article-title":"The high cost of low-frequency events: the anatomy and economics of surgical mishaps","volume":"304","author":"Couch","year":"1981","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1067\/msy.2003.169_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1995.03520270043029","article-title":"The decline of coronary artery bypass graft surgery mortality in New York State. The role of surgeon volume","volume":"273","author":"Hannan","year":"1995","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1067\/msy.2003.169_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-199809000-00005","article-title":"The importance of surgeon experience for clinical and economic outcomes from thyroidectomy","volume":"228","author":"Sosa","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"10.1067\/msy.2003.169_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02002337","article-title":"Outcome analysis of carotid endarterectomy in Connecticut: the impact of volume and specialty","volume":"10","author":"Ruby","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ann Vasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1067\/msy.2003.169_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197912203012503","article-title":"Should operations be regionalized? The empirical relation between surgical volume and mortality","volume":"301","author":"Luft","year":"1979","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1067\/msy.2003.169_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1989.03430040075029","article-title":"Investigation of the relationship between volume and mortality for surgical procedures performed in New York state hospitals","volume":"262","author":"Hannah","year":"1989","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1067\/msy.2003.169_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-199809000-00016","article-title":"Importance of hospital volume in the overall management of pancreatic cancer","volume":"228","author":"Sosa","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"10.1067\/msy.2003.169_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.320.7237.745","article-title":"Error, stress, and teamwork in medicine and aviation: cross sectional surveys","volume":"320","author":"Sexton","year":"2000","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1067\/msy.2003.169_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)00034-8","article-title":"Effect of sleep deprivation on surgeons' dexterity on laparoscopy simulator","volume":"352","author":"Taffinder","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1067\/msy.2003.169_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01618430","article-title":"The National Confidential Enquiry into Perioperative Deaths","volume":"10","author":"Lunn","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Clin Monitoring"},{"key":"10.1067\/msy.2003.169_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/S1353-4505(97)00060-4","article-title":"Every defect is a treasure: supervision of junior staff","volume":"9","author":"Keyes","year":"1997","journal-title":"Intl J Qual Health Care"},{"key":"10.1067\/msy.2003.169_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1851","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1994.03520230061039","article-title":"Error in medicine","volume":"272","author":"Leape","year":"1994","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1067\/msy.2003.169_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1097\/00004010-199710000-00010","article-title":"Best practices for managing surgical services: the role of coordination","volume":"22","author":"Young","year":"1997","journal-title":"Health Care Manage Rev"},{"key":"10.1067\/msy.2003.169_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2044.2001.01374-4.x","article-title":"Organisational failures in urgent and emergency surgery: a potential perioperative risk factor","volume":"56","author":"Pearse","year":"2001","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"10.1067\/msy.2003.169_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198103123041103","article-title":"The high cost of low-frequency events: the anatomy and economics of surgical mishaps","volume":"304","author":"Couch","year":"1981","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1067\/msy.2003.169_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)08268-2","article-title":"An alternative strategy for studying adverse events in medical care","volume":"349","author":"Andrews","year":"1997","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1067\/msy.2003.169_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.320.7237.774","article-title":"Epidemiology of medical error","volume":"320","author":"Weingart","year":"2000","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1067\/msy.2003.169_bib22","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1067\/msy.2003.169_bib23","series-title":"Root cause analysis in health care: tools and techniques","author":"Joint Commission on Accreditation of Health Care Organizations","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1067\/msy.2003.169_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1109\/21.31053","article-title":"Critical decision method for eliciting knowledge. IEEE Transactions on Systems","volume":"19","author":"Klein","year":"1989","journal-title":"Man, and Cybernetics"},{"key":"10.1067\/msy.2003.169_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-197812000-00004","article-title":"Preventable anesthesia mishaps: a study of human factors","volume":"49","author":"Cooper","year":"1978","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1067\/msy.2003.169_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199102073240604","article-title":"Incidence of adverse events and negligence in hospitalized patients: results of the Harvard Medical Practice Study I","volume":"324","author":"Brennan","year":"1991","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1067\/msy.2003.169_bib27","series-title":"Human error","author":"Reason","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1067\/msy.2003.169_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6060(97)90078-7","article-title":"Measuring postoperative complications in general surgery patients using an outcomes-based strategy: comparison with complications presented at morbidity and mortality rounds","volume":"122","author":"Feldman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"10.1067\/msy.2003.169_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-112-3-221","article-title":"Identification of adverse events occurring during hospitalization: a cross-sectional study of litigation, quality assurance, and medical records at two teaching hospitals","volume":"112","author":"Brennan","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1067\/msy.2003.169_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1037\/h0061470","article-title":"The critical incident technique","volume":"51","author":"Flanagan","year":"1954","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"10.1067\/msy.2003.169_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1097\/00012272-199309000-00006","article-title":"Critical decision method: a technique for eliciting concrete assessment indicators from the \u201cintuition\u201d of NICU nurses","volume":"16","author":"Crandall","year":"1993","journal-title":"ANS Adv Nurs Sci"},{"key":"10.1067\/msy.2003.169_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.316.7138.1154","article-title":"Framework for analysing risk and safety in clinical medicine","volume":"316","author":"Vincent","year":"1998","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1067\/msy.2003.169_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.286.2.217","article-title":"No-fault compensation for medical injuries: the prospect for error prevention","volume":"286","author":"Studdert","year":"2001","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1067\/msy.2003.169_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa021721","article-title":"Risk factors for retained instruments and sponges after surgery","volume":"348","author":"Gawande","year":"2003","journal-title":"New Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1067\/msy.2003.169_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-121-11-199412010-00008","article-title":"Does housestaff discontinuity of care increase the risk for preventable adverse events?","volume":"121","author":"Petersen","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1067\/msy.2003.169_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-198206000-00010","article-title":"Critical incidents associated with intraoperative exchanges of anesthesia personnel","volume":"56","author":"Cooper","year":"1982","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1067\/msy.2003.169_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1177\/014107680109400702","article-title":"Exploring the causes of adverse events in NHS hospital practice","volume":"94","author":"Neale","year":"2001","journal-title":"J R Soc Med"},{"key":"10.1067\/msy.2003.169_bib38","first-page":"77","article-title":"Using a computerized sign-out program to improve continuity of inpatient care and prevent adverse events","volume":"24","author":"Petersen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Jt Comm J Qual Improv"},{"key":"10.1067\/msy.2003.169_bib39","series-title":"Eyewitness testimony","author":"Loftus","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1067\/msy.2003.169_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1497.2000.07003.x","article-title":"Hospital ownership and preventable adverse events","volume":"15","author":"Thomas","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1067\/msy.2003.169_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199604000-00025","article-title":"The 34th Rovenstine lecture","volume":"84","author":"Pierce","year":"1996","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1067\/msy.2003.169_bib42","first-page":"64","article-title":"Anesthesia practice standards at Harvard: a review","volume":"55","author":"Eichhorn","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Clin Anesth"}],"container-title":["Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S003960600300117X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S003960600300117X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,20]],"date-time":"2019-03-20T17:00:36Z","timestamp":1553101236000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S003960600300117X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,6]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S003960600300117X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1067\/msy.2003.169","relation":{},"ISSN":["0039-6060"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0039-6060","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,6]]}}}