{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T17:19:51Z","timestamp":1787505591604,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,1]],"date-time":"2010-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1262304000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["i-Perception"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The shading cue is supposed to be a major factor in monocular stereopsis. However, the hypothesis is hardly corroborated by available data. For instance, the conventional stimulus used in perception research, which involves a circular disk with monotonic luminance gradient on a uniform surround, is theoretically \u2018explained\u2019 by any quadric surface, including spherical caps or cups (the conventional response categories), cylindrical ruts or ridges, and saddle surfaces. Whereas cylindrical ruts or ridges are reported when the outline is changed from circular to square, saddle surfaces are never reported. We introduce a method that allows us to differentiate between such possible responses. We report observations on a number of variations of the conventional stimulus, including variations of shape and quality of the boundary, and contexts that allow the observer to infer illumination direction. We find strong and expected influences of outline shape, but, perhaps surprisingly, we fail to find any influence of context, and only partial influence of outline quality. Moreover, we report appreciable differences within the generic population. We trace some of the idiosyncrasies (as compared to shape from shading algorithms) of the human observer to generic properties of the environment, in particular the fact that many objects are limited in size and elliptically convex over most of their boundaries.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1068\/i0401","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,21]],"date-time":"2010-12-21T10:25:07Z","timestamp":1292927107000},"page":"159-177","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["The Shading Cue in Context"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Johan","family":"Wagemans","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Leuven (K U Leuven), Laboratory of Experimental Psychology, Tiensestraat 102 bus 3711 3000 Leuven; present address: Tiensestraat 102 bus 3711 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea J","family":"Van Doorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Delft University of Technology, Industrial Design, Landbergstraat 15, 2628 CE Delft, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan J","family":"Koenderink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Leuven (K U Leuven), Laboratory of Experimental Psychology, Tiensestraat 102 bus 3711 3000 Leuven, Belgium. Also at Delft University of Technology, EEMCS and The Flemish Academic Centre for Science and the Arts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-i0401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/7.11.11"},{"key":"bibr2-i0401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2007.08.006"},{"key":"bibr3-i0401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1312"},{"key":"bibr4-i0401","volume-title":"De pictura","author":"Alberti L B","year":"1435"},{"key":"bibr5-i0401","volume-title":"Painting and experience in fifteenth century Italy: a primer on the social history of pictorial style","author":"Baxandall M","year":"1972"},{"key":"bibr6-i0401","volume-title":"L'Essai d'optique","author":"Bouguer P","year":"1729"},{"key":"bibr7-i0401","volume-title":"Letters on natural magic","author":"Brewster D","year":"1832"},{"key":"bibr8-i0401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/72.1.153"},{"key":"bibr9-i0401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/34.85657"},{"key":"bibr10-i0401","volume-title":"Computer vision: A modern approach","author":"Forsyth D A","year":"2002"},{"key":"bibr11-i0401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/368542a0"},{"key":"bibr12-i0401","first-page":"99","volume":"6","author":"Gau\u00df C F","year":"1827","journal-title":"Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingesis Recentiores"},{"key":"bibr13-i0401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0893-6080(94)90002-7"},{"key":"bibr14-i0401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0030223"},{"key":"bibr15-i0401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0059235"},{"key":"bibr16-i0401","first-page":"87","volume":"2","author":"Hilbert D","year":"1901","journal-title":"Transactions of the American Mathematical Society"},{"key":"bibr17-i0401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1068\/p231335"},{"key":"bibr18-i0401","volume-title":"\u201cShape from shading\u201d","author":"Horn B K P","year":"1989"},{"key":"bibr19-i0401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-4328(95)00190-5"},{"key":"bibr20-i0401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03206757"},{"key":"bibr21-i0401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSA.73.000843"},{"key":"bibr22-i0401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1068\/p230583"},{"key":"bibr23-i0401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1068\/p251009"},{"key":"bibr24-i0401","volume-title":"Photometria, sive, De mensura et gradibus luminis, colorum et umbrae","author":"Lambert J H","year":"1760"},{"key":"bibr25-i0401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1068\/p3178"},{"key":"bibr26-i0401","volume-title":"Differential geometry","author":"Lipschutz M","year":"1969"},{"key":"bibr27-i0401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2004.03.024"},{"key":"bibr28-i0401","volume-title":"Light and shade and their applications","author":"Luckiesh M","year":"1916"},{"key":"bibr29-i0401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-0277(01)00116-0"},{"key":"bibr30-i0401","volume-title":"Gesetze des Sehens","author":"Metzger W","year":"1975"},{"key":"bibr31-i0401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-2722-9"},{"key":"bibr32-i0401","volume-title":"Der baryzentrische Kalk\u00fcl","author":"M\u00f6bius A","year":"1827"},{"key":"bibr33-i0401","volume-title":"Vision science: Photons to phenomenology","author":"Palmer S E","year":"1999"},{"key":"bibr34-i0401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican0888-76"},{"key":"bibr35-i0401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/331163a0"},{"key":"bibr36-i0401","volume-title":"Biology of knowledge: The evolutionary basis of reason","author":"Riedl R","year":"1984"},{"key":"bibr37-i0401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1005164"},{"key":"bibr38-i0401","volume-title":"Sculpture. 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