{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T04:49:57Z","timestamp":1793854197985,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,1]],"date-time":"2014-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1388534400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["i-Perception"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Watching 3D content using a stereoscopic display may cause various discomforting symptoms, including eye strain, blurred vision, double vision, and motion sickness. Numerous studies have reported motion-sickness-like symptoms during stereoscopic viewing, but no causal linkage between specific aspects of the presentation and the induced discomfort has been explicitly proposed. Here, we describe several causes, in which stereoscopic capture, display, and viewing differ from natural viewing resulting in static and, importantly, dynamic distortions that conflict with the expected stability and rigidity of the real world. This analysis provides a basis for suggested changes to display systems that may alleviate the symptoms, and suggestions for future studies to determine the relative contribution of the various effects to the unpleasant symptoms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1068\/i0647","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,8]],"date-time":"2014-10-08T11:20:17Z","timestamp":1412767217000},"page":"515-535","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Instability of the Perceived World While Watching 3D Stereoscopic Imagery: A likely Source of Motion Sickness Symptoms"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Alex D.","family":"Hwang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eli","family":"Peli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-i0647","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(98)00139-4"},{"key":"bibr2-i0647","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2637-496X.2009.tb00009.x"},{"key":"bibr3-i0647","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barbera J. (2005). Uses of elastic space: The Vertigo shot. Memory of Richard B. Klein: Essays in Contemporary Philology (pp. 31\u201369). Oxford, Miss: Dept. of Modern Languages, University of Mississippi. doi:10.1016\/j.emospa.2010.01.006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.emospa.2010.01.006"},{"key":"bibr4-i0647","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/10.2.23"},{"key":"bibr5-i0647","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Broberg D. K. (2011). Guidance for horizontal image translation (HIT) of high definition stereoscopic video production.\n                      Proceedings SPIE 7863, Stereoscopic Displays and Applications XXII, 78632F\n                      ; International Society for Optics and Photonics. doi:10.1117\/12.888016","DOI":"10.1117\/12.888016"},{"key":"bibr6-i0647","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.10.005"},{"key":"bibr7-i0647","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0361-9230(98)00095-1"},{"key":"bibr8-i0647","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-6870(98)00038-6"},{"key":"bibr9-i0647","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012240530-3\/50005-5"},{"key":"bibr10-i0647","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Faubert J., Allard R. (2004). Effect of visual distortion on postural balance in a full immersion stereoscopic environment.\n                      Proceedings SPIE 5291, Stereoscopic Displays and Virtual Reality Systems XI\n                      ; International Society for Optics and Photonics. doi:10.1117\/12.527017","DOI":"10.1117\/12.527017"},{"key":"#cr-split#-bibr11-i0647.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fehn C. (2004). Depth-image-based rendering (DIBR), compression, and transmission for a new approach on 3D-TV. Proceedings SPIE 5291, Stereoscopic Displays and Virtual Reality Systems XI","DOI":"10.1117\/12.524762"},{"key":"#cr-split#-bibr11-i0647.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"In Electronic Imaging 2004 (pp. 93-104). International Society for Optics and Photonics. doi:10.1117\/12.524762","DOI":"10.1117\/12.524762"},{"key":"bibr12-i0647","first-page":"45","volume":"187","author":"Guedry F. E.","year":"1970","journal-title":"NASA Special Publication"},{"key":"bibr13-i0647","volume-title":"Multiple view geometry in computer vision","author":"Hartley R.","year":"2003"},{"key":"bibr14-i0647","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-196101000-00005"},{"key":"bibr15-i0647","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1068\/p220887"},{"key":"bibr16-i0647","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/8.3.33"},{"key":"bibr17-i0647","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1027\/\/0269-8803.15.1.35"},{"key":"bibr18-i0647","volume-title":"Binocular vision and stereopsis","author":"Howard I.","year":"1995"},{"key":"bibr19-i0647","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.2011.00822.x"},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr20-i0647","first-page":"308","volume":"62","author":"Hu S.","year":"1991","journal-title":"Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine"},{"key":"bibr21-i0647","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)38129-7"},{"key":"bibr22-i0647","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.displa.2008.11.001"},{"key":"bibr23-i0647","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.19.020468"},{"key":"bibr24-i0647","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaneko N., Suyama S., Yamamoto H. (2010). Analysis of depth of field of stereoscopic cameras in lens-tilt configurations.\n                      Proceedings SPIE 7524, Stereoscopic Displays and Applications XXI, 75241I\n                      ; International Society for Optics and Photonics. doi:10.1117\/12.839581","DOI":"10.1117\/12.839581"},{"key":"bibr25-i0647","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2009.11.006"},{"key":"bibr26-i0647","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327108ijap0303_3"},{"key":"bibr27-i0647","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VRAIS.1995.512477"},{"key":"bibr28-i0647","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.displa.2004.07.004"},{"key":"bibr29-i0647","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.displa.2007.09.007"},{"key":"bibr30-i0647","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2352\/J.ImagingSci.Technol.2009.53.3.030201"},{"key":"bibr31-i0647","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lambooij M. T., Ijsselsteijn W. A., Heynderickx I. (2007). Visual discomfort in stereoscopic displays: A review.\n                      Proceedings SPIE 6490, Stereoscopic Displays and Virtual Reality Systems XIV, 64900I\n                      ; International Society for Optics and Photonics. doi:10.1117\/12.705527","DOI":"10.1117\/12.705527"},{"key":"bibr32-i0647","first-page":"11","volume-title":"Stereo computer graphics","author":"Lipton L.","year":"1993"},{"key":"bibr33-i0647","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780080877969"},{"key":"bibr34-i0647","volume-title":"A note concerning \u201cmotion sickness\u201d in the 2-FH-2 Hover Trainer (Research Project NM 1701 11; Subtask 3; Report I)","author":"Miller J. W.","year":"1958"},{"key":"bibr35-i0647","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1970.50.1.1"},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr36-i0647","first-page":"168","volume":"70","author":"Moodley V. M.","year":"2011","journal-title":"The South African Optometrist"},{"key":"bibr37-i0647","first-page":"527","volume-title":"Pictorial communication in virtual and real environments","author":"Nagata S.","year":"1993","edition":"2"},{"key":"bibr38-i0647","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1068\/p5086"},{"key":"bibr39-i0647","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.17.017895"},{"key":"bibr40-i0647","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1889\/JSID17.5.443"},{"key":"bibr41-i0647","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OPN.6.7.000028"},{"key":"bibr42-i0647","first-page":"205","volume-title":"Visual instrumentation: Optical design and engineering principles","author":"Peli E.","year":"1999"},{"key":"bibr43-i0647","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-003-1383-y"},{"key":"bibr44-i0647","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1889\/1.1831799"},{"key":"bibr45-i0647","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/9.1.13"},{"key":"bibr46-i0647","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1889\/1.3500515"},{"key":"bibr47-i0647","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(98)00118-7"},{"key":"bibr48-i0647","volume-title":"The role of rest frames in vection, presence and motion sickness","author":"Prothero J. D.","year":"1998"},{"issue":"130","key":"bibr49-i0647","first-page":"386","volume":"26","author":"Reason J. T.","year":"1970","journal-title":"Advancement of Science"},{"key":"bibr50-i0647","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/014107687807101109"},{"key":"bibr51-i0647","volume-title":"Motion sickness","author":"Reason J. T.","year":"1975"},{"key":"bibr52-i0647","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-6870(98)00044-1"},{"key":"bibr53-i0647","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/11.8.11"},{"key":"bibr54-i0647","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0056160"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr55-i0647","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.2427\/5661","volume":"8","author":"Solimini A. G.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Italian Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"bibr56-i0647","author":"Stevenson D.","year":"2009","journal-title":"UWEC Office of Research and Sponsored Programs"},{"key":"bibr57-i0647","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBC.2011.2125070"},{"key":"bibr58-i0647","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2004.01.006"},{"key":"bibr59-i0647","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(96)00325-2"},{"key":"bibr60-i0647","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ujike H., Watanabe H. (2011). Effects of stereoscopic presentation on visually induced motion sickness. Proceedings SPIE 7863, Stereoscopic Displays and Applications XXII, 786314; International Society for Optics and Photonics. doi:10.1117\/12.873500","DOI":"10.1117\/12.873500"},{"key":"bibr61-i0647","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.displa.2007.09.004"},{"key":"bibr62-i0647","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.20.001398"},{"key":"bibr63-i0647","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(96)00103-4"},{"key":"bibr64-i0647","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(95)00018-U"},{"key":"bibr65-i0647","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00238525"},{"key":"bibr66-i0647","volume-title":"Proceedings SPIE 1915, Stereoscopic Displays and Applications IV, 36","author":"Woods A. J.","year":"1993"},{"key":"bibr67-i0647","first-page":"461","volume":"62","author":"Wood M. J.","year":"1991","journal-title":"Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine"},{"key":"bibr68-i0647","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1889\/1.1984948"},{"key":"bibr69-i0647","first-page":"1","volume":"7863","author":"Yang S. N.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proceeding of Stereoscopic Display and Application"},{"key":"bibr70-i0647","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.displa.2004.09.002"}],"container-title":["i-Perception"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1068\/i0647","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1068\/i0647","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T11:30:20Z","timestamp":1777462220000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1068\/i0647"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,1]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1068\/i0647"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1068\/i0647","relation":{},"ISSN":["2041-6695","2041-6695"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2041-6695","type":"print"},{"value":"2041-6695","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,1]]}}}