{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T19:25:29Z","timestamp":1778873129219,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1984,10,1]],"date-time":"1984-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":465436800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Perception"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1984,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The hypotheses that in Braille learning (i) coding strategies change with reading level, and (ii) coding differs between normal and retarded readers were tested with oddity judgments by blind children. Experiment 1 showed that strategy choices varied with reading level only in association with mental age. By contrast, shape neglect and preference for phonological strategies were shown by retarded readers rather than by matched normal readers. Experiment 2 showed that under instructions to use given coding strategies the retarded were as accurate as normal readers. Accuracy for all forms of coding increased with reading level, but coding word shape was significantly less accurate than other forms of coding, and even correct coding of shape was no faster than semantic or phonological coding. It is concluded that (i) coding the shape of Braille words is unlikely to be a major factor in producing faster Braille reading, and (ii) retarded Braille readers differ from normal readers in their spontaneous choice of strategy rather than in the ability to use the relevant codes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1068\/p130567","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,23]],"date-time":"2007-01-23T10:26:22Z","timestamp":1169547982000},"page":"567-579","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Strategy Choices by Young Braille Readers"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Susanna","family":"Millar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3UD, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1984,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-p130567","unstructured":"Barron R W, 1980 \u201cVisual\u2013orthographic and phonological strategies in reading and spelling\u201d in Frith (1980) pp 195\u2013213"},{"key":"bibr2-p130567","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1128657"},{"key":"bibr3-p130567","volume-title":"Attention and Performance","author":"Broadbent D E","year":"1980"},{"key":"bibr4-p130567","unstructured":"Bryant P E, Bradley L, 1980 \u201cWhy children sometimes write words which they do not read\u201d in Frith (1980) pp 355\u2013370"},{"key":"bibr5-p130567","first-page":"151","volume-title":"Strategies of Information Processing","author":"Coltheart M","year":"1978"},{"key":"bibr6-p130567","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0031595"},{"key":"bibr7-p130567","unstructured":"Cromer R F, 1983 \u201cThe implications of research findings on blind children for semantic theories and for intervention programmes\u201d in Mills (1983) pp 187\u2013214"},{"key":"bibr8-p130567","unstructured":"Ehri L E, 1980 \u201cThe development of orthographic images\u201d in Frith (1980) pp 311\u2013338"},{"key":"bibr9-p130567","first-page":"168","volume-title":"Tactual Perception: A Source Book","author":"Foulke E","year":"1982"},{"key":"bibr10-p130567","volume-title":"Cognitive Processes in Spelling","author":"Frith U","year":"1980"},{"key":"bibr11-p130567","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/747516"},{"key":"bibr12-p130567","volume-title":"Orthography and Word Recognition in Reading","author":"Henderson L","year":"1982"},{"key":"bibr13-p130567","volume-title":"The Psychology and Pedagogy of Reading: a Review of the History of Reading and Writing and of Methods, Tests and Hygiene in Reading","author":"Huey E B","year":"1908"},{"key":"bibr14-p130567","unstructured":"Liberman I Y, Shankweiler D, Liberman A M, Fowler C, Fischer F W, 1977 \u201cPhonetic segmentation and recoding in the beginning reader\u201d in Reber, Scarborough (1977) 207\u2013225"},{"key":"bibr15-p130567","volume-title":"Lorimer Braille Recognition Test","author":"Lorimer J","year":"1962"},{"key":"bibr16-p130567","volume-title":"Neale Analysis of Reading Ability: Adapted for Use with the Blind","author":"Lorimer J","year":"1977"},{"key":"bibr17-p130567","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8295.1975.tb01455.x"},{"key":"bibr18-p130567","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1068\/p060333"},{"key":"bibr19-p130567","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8295.1977.tb01604.x"},{"key":"bibr20-p130567","first-page":"215","volume-title":"Active Touch","author":"Millar S","year":"1978"},{"key":"bibr21-p130567","unstructured":"Millar S, 1983 \u201cLanguage and active touch: some aspects of reading and writing by young blind children\u201d in Mills (1983) pp 167\u2013186"},{"key":"bibr22-p130567","volume-title":"Language Acquisition in the Blind Child: Normal and Deficient","author":"Mills A","year":"1983"},{"key":"bibr23-p130567","volume-title":"Perceptual Factors in Braille Word Recognition","author":"Nolan C Y","year":"1969"},{"key":"bibr24-p130567","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8295.1982.tb01817.x"},{"key":"bibr25-p130567","unstructured":"Rozin P, Gleitman L R, 1977 \u201cThe structure and acquisition of reading II. The reading process and the acquisition of the alphabet principle\u201d in Reber, Scarborough (1977) pp 55\u2013141"},{"key":"bibr26-p130567","volume-title":"Towards a Psychology of Reading","author":"Reber A S","year":"1977"},{"key":"bibr27-p130567","volume-title":"Nonparametric Statistics for the Behavioural Sciences","author":"Siegel S","year":"1956"},{"key":"bibr28-p130567","first-page":"117","volume":"59","author":"Tobin M J","year":"1971","journal-title":"Teacher of the Blind"},{"key":"bibr29-p130567","volume-title":"The Tooze Braille Speed Test","author":"Tooze F G H","year":"1962"},{"key":"bibr30-p130567","volume-title":"Williams Intelligence Test for Children with Defective Vision","author":"Williams M","year":"1956"},{"key":"bibr31-p130567","first-page":"103","volume":"59","author":"Williams M","year":"1971","journal-title":"Teacher of the Blind"},{"key":"bibr32-p130567","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/11774-000"}],"container-title":["Perception"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1068\/p130567","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1068\/p130567","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T22:02:22Z","timestamp":1777586542000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1068\/p130567"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1984,10]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1984,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1068\/p130567"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1068\/p130567","relation":{},"ISSN":["0301-0066","1468-4233"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0301-0066","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-4233","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1984,10]]}}}