{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T00:13:25Z","timestamp":1791332005573,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1996,6,1]],"date-time":"1996-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":833587200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Perception"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1996,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Complex visual hallucinations are known to occur in individuals with impaired vision yet whose emotional and intellectual functions are within the normal range. These hallucinations, which were first reported by Charles Bonnet in 1760, have been described in many case studies, but have not been analyzed empirically to determine their major properties. In the present study, sixty complex hallucinators labeled as Charles Bonnet hallucinators were administered a questionnaire to determine the properties of their hallucinations. Combined use of multiple-correspondence analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis reveals a set of features that characterize the \u2018typical\u2019 Charles Bonnet hallucinatory experience: the hallucinators' experience occurs while they are alert and with the eyelids open; a sharply focused image appears suddenly, without any apparent trigger or voluntary control; the hallucination is present for seconds, does not move during this time, then suddenly vanishes. These features are discussed in terms of a \u2018dimension\u2019 of hallucinatory\/perceptual experience, which ranges from discrete perceptual experiences to multiple, changing experiences. Possible mechanisms that underlie the Charles Bonnet hallucinations are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1068\/p250715","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,23]],"date-time":"2007-01-23T10:32:54Z","timestamp":1169548374000},"page":"715-726","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Properties of Complex Hallucinations Associated with Deficits in Vision"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Geoffrey","family":"Schultz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walter","family":"Needham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychology Services, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 950 Campbell Avenue, West Haven, CT 06516, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychology Services, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 700 South 19th Street, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steve","family":"Shindell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychology Services, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronald","family":"Melzack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1996,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-p250715","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781412983648"},{"key":"bibr2-p250715","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700046584"},{"key":"bibr3-p250715","unstructured":"Dennett D, 1991 Consciousness Explained (Boston, MA: Little Brown) pp 3\u201318"},{"key":"bibr4-p250715","unstructured":"Greenacre M J, 1993 Correspondence Analysis in Practice (New York: Academic Press) pp vii\u2013xi"},{"key":"bibr5-p250715","unstructured":"Greenacre M J, Blasius J, (Eds), 1994 Correspondence Analysis in the Social Sciences (New York: Academic Press) pp ix\u2013x"},{"key":"bibr6-p250715","unstructured":"Jaspers K, 1923 General Psychopathology translation by Hoenig J, Hamilton M, (Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press) pp 64\u201379"},{"key":"bibr7-p250715","first-page":"162","volume-title":"Correspondence Analysis in the Social Sciences","author":"Lebart L","year":"1994"},{"key":"bibr8-p250715","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0079793"},{"key":"bibr9-p250715","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(90)90179-E"},{"key":"bibr10-p250715","first-page":"677","volume":"125","author":"de Morsier G","year":"1967","journal-title":"Annales M\u00e9dico-Psychologique"},{"key":"bibr11-p250715","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0145482X9208600605"},{"key":"bibr12-p250715","volume-title":"Cognition and Reality","author":"Neisser U","year":"1976"},{"key":"bibr13-p250715","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/070674378703200411"},{"key":"bibr14-p250715","first-page":"210","volume-title":"Correspondence Analysis in the Social Sciences","author":"Rovan J","year":"1994"},{"key":"bibr15-p250715","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1068\/p200809"},{"key":"bibr16-p250715","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-199310000-00011"},{"key":"bibr17-p250715","unstructured":"Taylor R E, Needham W E, Shindell S, Kramer S H, Mancil G L, Mehr E B, 1988 \u201cThe Charles Bonnet phenomenon: Visual hallucinations in normal people\u201d, paper presented at the Annual Meetings of the American Psychological Association, Atlanta, GA, August 15, 1988"},{"key":"bibr18-p250715","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1963.10500845"},{"key":"bibr19-p250715","unstructured":"Wilkinson L, Hill M, Vang E, 1992 SYSTAT: Statistics, Version 5.2 Edition (Evanston, IL: SYSTAT Inc), p. 19"}],"container-title":["Perception"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1068\/p250715","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1068\/p250715","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T22:08:45Z","timestamp":1777586925000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1068\/p250715"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1996,6]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1996,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1068\/p250715"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1068\/p250715","relation":{},"ISSN":["0301-0066","1468-4233"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0301-0066","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-4233","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1996,6]]}}}