{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T06:30:14Z","timestamp":1777876214740,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,4,1]],"date-time":"2004-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1080777600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Perception"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Judgments of exocentric direction are quite common, especially when judging where others are looking or pointing. To investigate these judgments in large-scale space, observers were shown two targets in a large open field and were asked to judge the exocentric direction specified by the targets. The targets ranged in egocentric distance from 5 to 20 m with target-to-target angular separations of 45\u00b0, 90\u00b0, and 135\u00b0. Observers judged exocentric direction using two methods: (i) by judging which point on a distant fence appeared collinear with the two targets, and (ii) by orienting their body in a direction parallel with the perceived line segment. In the collinearity task, observers had to imagine the line connecting the targets and then extrapolate this imagined line out to the fence. Observers indicated the perceived point of collinearity on a handheld 360\u00b0 panoramic cylinder representing their vista. The two judgment methods gave similar results except for a constant bias associated with the body-pointing response. Aside from this bias, the results of these two methods agree with other existing research indicating an effect of relative egocentric distance to the targets on judgment error\u2014line segments are perceived as being rotated in depth. Additionally, verbal estimates of egocentric and exocentric distance suggest that perceived distance is not the cause for the systematic errors in judging exocentric direction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1068\/p5218","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,5,19]],"date-time":"2004-05-19T07:58:57Z","timestamp":1084953537000},"page":"443-454","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Judgments of Exocentric Direction in Large-Scale Space"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Jonathan W","family":"Kelly","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jack M","family":"Loomis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew C","family":"Beall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-p5218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03210312"},{"key":"bibr2-p5218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1068\/p050009"},{"key":"bibr3-p5218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(97)00285-X"},{"key":"bibr4-p5218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSA.51.000335"},{"key":"bibr5-p5218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03212156"},{"key":"bibr6-p5218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1068\/p3041"},{"key":"bibr7-p5218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781482295177-47"},{"key":"bibr8-p5218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2003.09.004"},{"key":"bibr9-p5218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-1523.23.1.86"},{"key":"bibr10-p5218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0061505"},{"key":"bibr11-p5218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0022197"},{"key":"bibr12-p5218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1068\/p3386"},{"key":"bibr13-p5218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1068\/p5056"},{"key":"bibr14-p5218","unstructured":"Kelly J W, Beall A C, Loomis J M, in press \u201cPerception of shared visual space: Establishing common ground in real and virtual environments\u201d Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments."},{"key":"bibr15-p5218","first-page":"295","volume-title":"Vision and Action","author":"Koenderink J J","year":"1998"},{"key":"bibr16-p5218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1068\/p3295"},{"key":"bibr17-p5218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1068\/p2921"},{"key":"bibr18-p5218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(02)00101-4"},{"key":"bibr19-p5218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03211761"},{"key":"bibr20-p5218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-1523.18.4.906"},{"key":"bibr21-p5218","first-page":"21","volume-title":"Virtual and Adaptive Environments","author":"Loomis J M","year":"2003"},{"key":"bibr22-p5218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03211961"},{"key":"bibr23-p5218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-1523.28.5.1202"},{"key":"bibr24-p5218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03212118"},{"key":"bibr25-p5218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-1523.22.1.173"},{"key":"bibr26-p5218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1068\/p2713"},{"key":"bibr27-p5218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(01)00070-1"},{"key":"bibr28-p5218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03208187"},{"key":"bibr29-p5218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03207058"}],"container-title":["Perception"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1068\/p5218","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1068\/p5218","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T22:17:32Z","timestamp":1777587452000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1068\/p5218"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,4]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1068\/p5218"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1068\/p5218","relation":{},"ISSN":["0301-0066","1468-4233"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0301-0066","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-4233","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,4]]}}}