{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T06:30:19Z","timestamp":1777876219478,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,1]],"date-time":"2006-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1136073600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Perception"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>An isolated dot appears double outside a small disparity range called Panum's fusional area. In random-dot stereograms (RDSs), however, this doubling, or diplopia of dot elements is not evident at any disparity. Nevertheless, depth is perceived up to disparities that greatly exceed Panum's fusional limit. Either one is unaware of dot diplopia at disparities exceeding Panum's fusional limit or the fusion limit is extended. To examine these possibilities, we developed a novel RDS in which dichoptically color-coded dots have a distinctive color when fused, and return to their intrinsic colors when diplopic. We measured the fusion limit of dots in this RDS, and compared it to the patent stereopsis limit of the perceived surface in similar RDSs. We found that the fusional area of dots in the RDS was comparable to Panum's fusional area. Furthermore, there was clear dissociation between the fusion limit and the patent stereopsis limit in the RDS. We conclude that the elements composing a surface are not necessarily fused when a large disparity surface is perceived in depth.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1068\/p5256","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,19]],"date-time":"2004-08-19T10:37:25Z","timestamp":1092911845000},"page":"31-39","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Perceiving Surfaces in Depth beyond the Fusion Limit of Their Elements"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Hwan S","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering and Vision Science Research Center, 924 South 18th Street, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294-4390, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Allan C","family":"Dobbins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering and Vision Science Research Center, 924 South 18th Street, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294-4390, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-p5256","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1068\/p090223"},{"key":"bibr2-p5256","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00145374"},{"key":"bibr3-p5256","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903120411"},{"key":"bibr4-p5256","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03202895"},{"key":"bibr5-p5256","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(88)90163-0"},{"key":"bibr6-p5256","first-page":"181","volume":"4","author":"Erkelens C J","year":"1985","journal-title":"Human Neurobiology"},{"key":"bibr7-p5256","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(96)00323-9"},{"key":"bibr8-p5256","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSA.57.000819"},{"key":"bibr9-p5256","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1068\/p120161"},{"key":"bibr10-p5256","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-198903000-00010"},{"key":"bibr11-p5256","volume-title":"Seeing in Depth","author":"Howard I P","year":"2002"},{"key":"bibr12-p5256","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSA.73.001665"},{"key":"bibr13-p5256","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1538-7305.1960.tb03954.x"},{"key":"bibr14-p5256","volume-title":"Foundations of Cyclopean Perception","author":"Julesz B","year":"1971"},{"key":"bibr15-p5256","volume-title":"Dialogues on Perception","author":"Julesz B","year":"1995"},{"key":"bibr16-p5256","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1068\/p090651"},{"key":"bibr17-p5256","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(66)90052-6"},{"key":"bibr18-p5256","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03203072"},{"key":"bibr19-p5256","volume-title":"Researches in Binocular Vision","author":"Ogle K N","year":"1950"},{"key":"bibr20-p5256","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0057643"},{"key":"bibr21-p5256","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(67)90029-6"},{"key":"bibr22-p5256","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/713826374"},{"key":"bibr23-p5256","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(86)90186-0"},{"key":"bibr24-p5256","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(77)90072-4"},{"key":"bibr25-p5256","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(74)90008-X"},{"key":"bibr26-p5256","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(84)90207-4"},{"key":"bibr27-p5256","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(97)00168-5"},{"key":"bibr28-p5256","first-page":"19","volume-title":"Binocular Vision volume 9 of Vision and Visual Dysfunction","author":"Tyler C W","year":"1991"}],"container-title":["Perception"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1068\/p5256","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1068\/p5256","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T22:17:40Z","timestamp":1777587460000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1068\/p5256"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,1]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1068\/p5256"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1068\/p5256","relation":{},"ISSN":["0301-0066","1468-4233"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0301-0066","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-4233","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,1]]}}}