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We argue in this paper, however, that both the nature of appraisal and its role in the political process have been inadequately conceptualised. Exploring a literature that has tended to polarise \u2018technical\u2019 and \u2018deliberative\u2019 models, we identify a need for sensitive selection and combination of approaches, taking account of both the object and the objective of appraisal in particular contexts. We suggest that an important role for appraisal (by design or by default) may be that of providing spaces for dialogue and learning in the making of policies and decisions. A better understanding of such processes requires further research, particularly well-designed longitudinal work involving retrospective and \u2018real time\u2019 studies of appraisal in practice. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1068\/a36281","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,15]],"date-time":"2004-10-15T14:57:41Z","timestamp":1097852261000},"page":"1943-1959","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":256,"title":["New Agendas for Appraisal: Reflections on Theory, Practice, and Research"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Susan","family":"Owens","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cambridge, Department of Geography, Downing Place, Cambridge CB2 3EN, England"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Rayner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography and Environment, London School of Economics and Political Science, Houghton Street, London WC2A 2AE, England"}]},{"given":"Olivia","family":"Bina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cambridge, Department of Geography, Downing Place, Cambridge CB2 3EN, England"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-a36281","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3324545"},{"key":"bibr2-a36281","volume-title":"Organizational Learning: A Theory of Action Perspective","author":"Argyris C","year":"1978"},{"key":"bibr3-a36281","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1332\/030557399782218371"},{"key":"bibr4-a36281","unstructured":"Bartlett S, Oldgard M, 2003, \u201cExpertocratic, consultative, participative or deliberative SEA? 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