{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T22:49:19Z","timestamp":1770504559868,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,1]],"date-time":"2011-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1317427200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environ Plann B Plann Des"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Traditional urban plans use definitive design systems, without the flexibility required to deal with the complexity and change that characterize contemporary urban societies. To conceive urban plans with increased flexibility, a shape grammar-based design methodology is proposed which is capable of producing various design solutions instead of a single rigid layout. In this approach the plan is a design system encoding a set of alternative solutions, rather than a single, specific solution. This methodology was developed on the basis of the analysis of existing plans and on a series of experiments undertaken within the controlled environment of design studios. Results show that shape grammars produce urban plans with nondefinitive formal solutions, while keeping a consistent design language. They also provide plans with explicit and implicit flexibility, thereby giving future designers a wider degree of freedom. As a result, they are particularly appropriate for dealing with complexity and change throughout the legal lifespan of the plan. Finally, they provide students with a concrete methodology for approaching urban design, fostering the development of additional design skills. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1068\/b37026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,17]],"date-time":"2011-10-17T14:34:10Z","timestamp":1318862050000},"page":"879-902","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Towards a Methodology for Flexible Urban Design: Designing with Urban Patterns and Shape Grammars"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Jos\u00e9 P","family":"Duarte","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Arquitectura, Universidade T\u00e9cnica de Lisboa, Ru\u00e1 S\u00e1 Nogueira, P\u00f3lo Universit\u00e1rio, Alto da Ajuda, 1349-055 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Beir\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Arquitectura, Universidade T\u00e9cnica de Lisboa, Ru\u00e1 S\u00e1 Nogueira, P\u00f3lo Universit\u00e1rio, Alto da Ajuda, 1349-055 Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-b37026","volume-title":"A Pattern Language: Towns, Buildings, Construction","author":"Alexander C","year":"1977"},{"key":"bibr2-b37026","volume-title":"Les nouveaux principes de l'urbanisme. 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