{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T06:05:32Z","timestamp":1765778732714,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"CSIRO Publishing","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,29]],"date-time":"2025-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748476800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1659,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1071\/journalslicense"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This cost-analysis study explored Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) data to determine the financial patient contribution (PC) towards dispensed medications prescribed by dentists and temporal trends in cost contributions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>For this study we used the PBS online dataset and only included concessional data in the analysis. Data on dental medications dispensed under the PBS from 2006 to 2018 were accessed. For all medicines aggregated to different pharmacological categories (antibiotics, analgesics and opiates, anti-inflammatories, antifungals, benzodiazepines, anticonvulsants and anti-emetics, and emergency medications), a temporal trend was generated using annual PC data. Cumulative patient and mean annual PC data were also generated in a similar manner.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cumulative PC over the study period for dental PBS prescriptions was A$28 783 361 (A$5.55 per dispensing). The mean annual PC for dental PBS was A$2 214 105 (for the entire concessional population from 2006 to 2018), with a statistically significant and strong correlation between year and PC (Dental PBS, A$59 756 per year; r = 0.98: P &amp;lt; 0.0001). Antibiotics represented the highest proportion of PC (87.8%), whereas the lowest proportion of PC was for emergency medications (e.g. adrenaline, atropine, glucagon, naloxone), which amounted to 0.003%.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study highlights the increasing contributions made by patients towards antibiotic prescriptions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>What is known about the topic?<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Australian dentists can independently prescribe subsidised medications as per a set scope for general and specialist dentists, regulated under the PBS with requisite adherence to specific legal requirements.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>What does this paper add?<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This is the first study highlighting the increased level of patient financial contributions towards dental medicines, according to different pharmacological categories, dispensed by pharmacists in Australia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>What are the implications for practitioners?<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study creates a base for future research assessing the appropriateness of the PBS subsidy and the PBS Safety Net threshold, possibly reassessing the out-of-pocket pricing on brand substitution and appropriately reassessing the current dental PBS schedule.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1071\/ah20140","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,11]],"date-time":"2020-11-11T20:34:24Z","timestamp":1605126864000},"page":"167-172","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Financial contributions made by patients towards dispensed medicines prescribed by Australian dentists from 2006 to 2018: a cost-analysis study"],"prefix":"10.1071","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2052-558X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Joon Soo","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"AInternational Research Collaborative \u2013 Oral Health and Equity, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia. Email: estie.kruger@uwa.edu.au"},{"name":"BCorresponding author. Email: alex.park@research.uwa.edu.au"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Estie","family":"Kruger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AInternational Research Collaborative \u2013 Oral Health and Equity, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia. Email: estie.kruger@uwa.edu.au"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Tennant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AInternational Research Collaborative \u2013 Oral Health and Equity, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia. Email: estie.kruger@uwa.edu.au"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"67","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121501022913900_R1","unstructured":"Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme. About the PBS; 2019. Available at: http:\/\/www.pbs.gov.au\/info\/about-the-pbs [verified 21 March 2019]."},{"key":"2025121501022913900_R2","article-title":"Using Australian Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme data for pharmacoepidemiological research: challenges and approaches.","volume":"25","author":"Page","year":"2015","journal-title":"Public Health Res Pract"},{"key":"2025121501022913900_R3","unstructured":"Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme. Pharmaceutical Benefits Schedule item reports. 2019. Available at: http:\/\/medicarestatistics.humanservices.gov.au\/statistics\/pbs_item.jsp [verified 25 March 2019]."},{"key":"2025121501022913900_R4","unstructured":"Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme. Expenditure and Prescriptions twelve months to 30 June 2018. 2019. Available at: https:\/\/www.pbs.gov.au\/info\/statistics\/expenditure-prescriptions\/expenditure-prescriptions-twelve-months-to-30-june-2018 [verified 21 March 2019]."},{"key":"2025121501022913900_R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-015-1616-8","article-title":"The Australian Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme data collection: a practical guide for researchers.","volume":"8","author":"Mellish","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"key":"2025121501022913900_R6","unstructured":"Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme. Dental items. Available at: https:\/\/www.pbs.gov.au\/browse\/dental [verified 26 March 2019]."},{"key":"2025121501022913900_R7","unstructured":"Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA). Dental Board of Australia registrant data \u2013 reporting period: 1 October 2018\u201331 December 2018. 2019. Available at: https:\/\/www.dentalboard.gov.au\/documents\/default.aspx?record=WD19%2f27847&dbid=AP&chksum=8BzS%2bpMXw%2bU%2fPKsDoTgj5A%3d%3d [verified 21 October 2020]."},{"key":"2025121501022913900_R8","unstructured":"Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW). Dentists, specialists and allied practitioners in Australia: dental labour force collection, 2006; 2011. Available at: https:\/\/www.aihw.gov.au\/reports\/dental-oral-health\/dental-labour-force-collection-2006\/contents\/summary [verified 02 September 2019]."},{"key":"2025121501022913900_R9","unstructured":"Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW). Health expenditure Australia 2016\u201317. 2018. Available at: https:\/\/www.aihw.gov.au\/reports\/health-welfare-expenditure\/health-expenditure-australia-2016-17\/contents\/summary [verified 24 February 2020]."},{"key":"2025121501022913900_R10","unstructured":"Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW). Health expenditure Australia 2017\u201318; 2019. Available at: https:\/\/www.aihw.gov.au\/reports\/health-welfare-expenditure\/health-expenditure-australia-2017-18\/contents\/summary [verified 24 February 2020]."},{"key":"2025121501022913900_R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/idj.12605","article-title":"Dispensing patterns of medicines prescribed by Australian dentists from 2006 to 2018 \u2013 a pharmacoepidemiological study.","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int Dent J"},{"key":"2025121501022913900_R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2007.11.008","article-title":"The strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies.","volume":"61","author":"von Elm","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"2025121501022913900_R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1111\/idj.12562","article-title":"Dispensing patterns of emergency medicines prescribed by Australian dentists from 1992 to 2018 \u2013 a pharmacoepidemiology study.","volume":"70","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int Dent J"},{"key":"2025121501022913900_R14","unstructured":"Pharmaceutical Benefits Schedule. PBS Safety Net early supply rule \u2013 consumer frequently asked questions. 2016. 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