{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T05:29:20Z","timestamp":1784698160343,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"CSIRO Publishing","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]],"date-time":"2025-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755216000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":626,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1071\/journalslicense"}],"funder":[{"name":"Medical Research Future Fund","award":["APP1183165"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP1183165"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to estimate costs of myalgic encephalomyelitis\/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME\/CFS) to patients, government and Australian society.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Australian ME\/CFS patients and their carers were recruited using convenience sampling. Patients completed an online retrospective cost diary, providing ME\/CFS-related direct medical, non-medical and indirect costs. Informal care costs were collected directly from carers. Data from the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme and Medicare Benefits Schedule were linked to participant survey data. Annual per patient and total societal costs were estimated, broken down by category and presented in 2021 AUD. Factors associated with higher costs were investigated using generalised linear models.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>One hundred and seventy five patients (mean age 49\u00a0years s.d. 14, 79.4% female) completed the cost diary. Estimated total annual societal costs of ME\/CFS in Australia ranged between $1.38 and $10.09 billion, with average annual total costs of $63\u00a0400\/patient. Three-quarters of these costs were due to indirect costs ($46\u00a0731). Disability severity was the key factor associated with higher costs, particularly for indirect costs (being 2.27-fold higher for severe disability than no\/mild disability).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ME\/CFS poses a significant economic burden in Australia, owing mainly to high indirect and informal care costs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1071\/ah23106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,27]],"date-time":"2023-11-27T18:06:40Z","timestamp":1701108400000},"page":"707-715","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["The economic burden of myalgic encephalomyelitis\/chronic fatigue syndrome in Australia"],"prefix":"10.1071","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Ting","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"AMenzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Medical Science 1 Building, 17 Liverpool Street, Hobart, Tas. 7000, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5130-4088","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ingrid A.","family":"Cox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AMenzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Medical Science 1 Building, 17 Liverpool Street, Hobart, Tas. 7000, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hasnat","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AMenzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Medical Science 1 Building, 17 Liverpool Street, Hobart, Tas. 7000, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie A.","family":"Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AMenzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Medical Science 1 Building, 17 Liverpool Street, Hobart, Tas. 7000, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Hensher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AMenzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Medical Science 1 Building, 17 Liverpool Street, Hobart, Tas. 7000, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew J","family":"Palmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AMenzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Medical Science 1 Building, 17 Liverpool Street, Hobart, Tas. 7000, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan M.","family":"Kelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BSchool of Computing and Information Systems, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa J.","family":"Rogerson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BSchool of Computing and Information Systems, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Wills","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AMenzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Medical Science 1 Building, 17 Liverpool Street, Hobart, Tas. 7000, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"de Graaff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AMenzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Medical Science 1 Building, 17 Liverpool Street, Hobart, Tas. 7000, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"67","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121501373761500_R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.1346","article-title":"Beyond myalgic encephalomyelitis\/chronic fatigue syndrome: an IOM report on redefining an 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story?","volume":"22","author":"Orji","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2025121501373761500_R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics9030091","article-title":"Myalgic encephalomyelitis\/chronic fatigue syndrome: a comprehensive review.","volume":"9","author":"Cortes Rivera","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"key":"2025121501373761500_R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1080\/21641846.2021.1878716","article-title":"Updating the National Academy of Medicine ME\/CFS prevalence and economic impact figures to account for population growth and inflation.","volume":"9","author":"Jason","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fatigue"},{"key":"2025121501373761500_R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2020.00420","article-title":"The Economic Impacts of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis\/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome in an Australian Cohort.","volume":"8","author":"Close","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Public 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