{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T05:07:27Z","timestamp":1782450447719,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":113,"publisher":"CSIRO Publishing","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,12]],"date-time":"2025-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747008000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5859,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1071\/journalslicense"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Environmental context. Antimony first attracted public attention in the mid-1990s amid claims that it was involved in Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. A substantial number of papers have now been published on the element and its behaviour in the natural environment. However, many key aspects of the environmental chemistry of antimony remain poorly understood. These include critical areas such as its ecotoxicology, its global cycling through different environmental compartments, and what chemical form it takes in different environments. More focussed research would help the situation. The present review highlights several areas of environmental antimony chemistry that urgently need to be addressed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Abstract. The objective of the present article is to present a critical overview of issues related to the current state of knowledge on the behaviour of antimony in the environment. It makes no attempt to systematically review all published data. However, it does provide a list of the main published reviews on antimony and identifies subjects where systematic reviews are needed. Areas where our knowledge is strong \u2013 and the corresponding gaps \u2013 in subjects ranging from total concentrations and speciation in the various environmental compartments, to ecotoxicity, to cycling between compartments, are discussed, along with the underlying research. Determining total antimony no longer poses a problem for most environmental samples but speciation measurements remain challenging throughout the process, from sampling to analysis. This means that the analytical tools still need to be improved but experience shows that, to be useful in practice, this should be directly driven by the requirements of laboratory and field measurements. Many different issues can be identified where further research is required, both in the laboratory and in the field, the most urgently needed studies probably being: (i) long-term spatial and temporal studies in the different environmental compartments in order to collect the data needed to establish a global biogeochemical cycle; (ii) laboratory studies of antimony interactions with potential natural binders; (iii) reliable ecotoxicological studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1071\/en09007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,27]],"date-time":"2009-04-27T00:01:28Z","timestamp":1240790488000},"page":"95-105","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":324,"title":["Antimony in the environment: knowns and unknowns"],"prefix":"10.1071","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Montserrat","family":"Filella","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ADepartment of Inorganic, Analytical and Applied Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland."},{"name":"BSCHEMA, Rue Principale 92, L-6990 Rameldange, Luxembourg."},{"name":"ECorresponding author. Email: montserrat.filella@unige.ch"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter A.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CSchool of Natural Sciences, University of Western Sydney, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith South DC, NSW 1797, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nelson","family":"Belzile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DDepartment of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, P3E 2C6, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"67","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025102411093975900_R1"},{"key":"2025102411093975900_R2"},{"key":"2025102411093975900_R3"},{"key":"2025102411093975900_R4"},{"key":"2025102411093975900_R5"},{"key":"2025102411093975900_R6"},{"key":"2025102411093975900_R7"},{"key":"2025102411093975900_R8"},{"key":"2025102411093975900_R9"},{"key":"2025102411093975900_R10"},{"key":"2025102411093975900_R11"},{"key":"2025102411093975900_R12"},{"key":"2025102411093975900_R13"},{"key":"2025102411093975900_R14"},{"key":"2025102411093975900_R15"},{"key":"2025102411093975900_R16"},{"key":"2025102411093975900_R17"},{"key":"2025102411093975900_R18"},{"key":"2025102411093975900_R19"},{"key":"2025102411093975900_R20"},{"key":"2025102411093975900_R21"},{"key":"2025102411093975900_R22"},{"key":"2025102411093975900_R23"},{"key":"2025102411093975900_R24"},{"key":"2025102411093975900_R25"},{"key":"2025102411093975900_R26"},{"key":"2025102411093975900_R27"},{"key":"2025102411093975900_R28"},{"key":"2025102411093975900_R29"},{"key":"2025102411093975900_R30"},{"key":"2025102411093975900_R31"},{"key":"2025102411093975900_R32"},{"key":"2025102411093975900_R33"},{"key":"2025102411093975900_R34"},{"key":"2025102411093975900_R35"},{"key":"2025102411093975900_R36"},{"key":"2025102411093975900_R37"},{"key":"2025102411093975900_R38"},{"key":"2025102411093975900_R39"},{"key":"2025102411093975900_R40"},{"key":"2025102411093975900_R41"},{"key":"2025102411093975900_R42"},{"key":"2025102411093975900_R43"},{"key":"2025102411093975900_R44"},{"key":"2025102411093975900_R45"},{"key":"2025102411093975900_R46"},{"key":"2025102411093975900_R47"},{"key":"2025102411093975900_R48"},{"key":"2025102411093975900_R49"},{"key":"2025102411093975900_R50"},{"key":"2025102411093975900_R51"},{"key":"2025102411093975900_R52"},{"key":"2025102411093975900_R53"},{"key":"2025102411093975900_R54"},{"key":"2025102411093975900_R55"},{"key":"2025102411093975900_R56"},{"key":"2025102411093975900_R57"},{"key":"2025102411093975900_R58"},{"key":"2025102411093975900_R59"},{"key":"2025102411093975900_R60"},{"key":"2025102411093975900_R61"},{"key":"2025102411093975900_R62"},{"key":"2025102411093975900_R63"},{"key":"2025102411093975900_R64"},{"key":"2025102411093975900_R65"},{"key":"2025102411093975900_R66"},{"key":"2025102411093975900_R67"},{"key":"2025102411093975900_R68"},{"key":"2025102411093975900_R69"},{"key":"2025102411093975900_R70"},{"key":"2025102411093975900_R71"},{"key":"2025102411093975900_R72"},{"key":"2025102411093975900_R73"},{"key":"2025102411093975900_R74"},{"key":"2025102411093975900_R75"},{"key":"2025102411093975900_R76"},{"key":"2025102411093975900_R77"},{"key":"2025102411093975900_R78"},{"key":"2025102411093975900_R79"},{"key":"2025102411093975900_R80"},{"key":"2025102411093975900_R81"},{"key":"2025102411093975900_R82"},{"key":"2025102411093975900_R83"},{"key":"2025102411093975900_R84"},{"key":"2025102411093975900_R85"},{"key":"2025102411093975900_R86"},{"key":"2025102411093975900_R87"},{"key":"2025102411093975900_R88"},{"key":"2025102411093975900_R89"},{"key":"2025102411093975900_R90"},{"key":"2025102411093975900_R91"},{"key":"2025102411093975900_R92"},{"key":"2025102411093975900_R93"},{"key":"2025102411093975900_R94"},{"key":"2025102411093975900_R95"},{"key":"2025102411093975900_R96"},{"key":"2025102411093975900_R97"},{"key":"2025102411093975900_R98"},{"key":"2025102411093975900_R99"},{"key":"2025102411093975900_R100"},{"key":"2025102411093975900_R101"},{"key":"2025102411093975900_R102"},{"key":"2025102411093975900_R103"},{"key":"2025102411093975900_R104"},{"key":"2025102411093975900_R105"},{"key":"2025102411093975900_R106"},{"key":"2025102411093975900_R107"},{"key":"2025102411093975900_R108"},{"key":"2025102411093975900_R109"},{"key":"2025102411093975900_R110"},{"key":"2025102411093975900_R111"},{"key":"2025102411093975900_R112"},{"key":"2025102411093975900_R113"}],"container-title":["Environmental 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