{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T12:42:35Z","timestamp":1788352955793,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"CSIRO Publishing","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,12]],"date-time":"2025-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747008000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4336,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1071\/journalslicense"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Environmental context<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ozone pollution in Houston, Texas, has been a public health concern for decades. Unusually large hourly changes in observed ozone concentrations have been correlated with a greater likelihood of violating the federal air quality standard. We investigate the geographic and chemical origins of these large hourly increases, which should help regulators better control ozone violations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Many of Houston\u2019s highest 8-h ozone (O3) peaks are characterised by increases in concentrations of at least 40\u00a0ppb in 1\u00a0h, or 60\u00a0ppb in 2\u00a0h. These rapid increases are called non-typical O3 changes (NTOCs). In 2004, the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ) developed a novel emissions control strategy aimed at eliminating NTOCs. The strategy limited routine and short-term emissions of ethene, propene, 1,3-butadiene and butene isomers, collectively called highly reactive volatile organic compounds (HRVOCs), which are released from petrochemical facilities. HRVOCs have been associated with NTOCs through field campaigns and modelling studies. This study analysed wind measurements and O3, formaldehyde (HCHO) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) concentrations from 2000 to 2011 at 25 ground monitors in Houston. NTOCs almost always occurred when monitors were downwind of petrochemical facilities. Rapid O3 increases were associated with low wind speeds; 75\u00a0% of NTOCs occurred when the 3-h average wind speed preceding the event was less than 6.5\u00a0km\u00a0h\u20131. Statistically significant differences in HCHO concentrations were seen between days with and without NTOCs. Early afternoon HCHO concentrations were greater on NTOC days. In the morning before an observed NTOC event, however, there were no significant differences in HCHO concentrations between days with and without NTOCs. Hourly SO2 concentrations also increased rapidly, exhibiting behaviour similar to NTOCs. Oftentimes, the SO2 increases preceded a NTOC. These findings show that, despite the apparent success of targeted HRVOC emission controls, further restrictions may be needed to eliminate the remaining O3 events.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1071\/en13040","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,28]],"date-time":"2013-06-28T00:57:29Z","timestamp":1372381049000},"page":"260-268","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Houston\u2019s rapid ozone increases: preconditions and geographic origins"],"prefix":"10.1071","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Evan","family":"Couzo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"AUniversity of North Carolina, Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harvey E.","family":"Jeffries","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AUniversity of North Carolina, Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Vizuete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AUniversity of North Carolina, Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA."},{"name":"BCorresponding author. Email: vizuete@unc.edu"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"67","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025102411241663100_R1"},{"key":"2025102411241663100_R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1029\/2001GL014569","article-title":"Ozone production rate and hydrocarbon reactivity in 5 urban areas: a cause of high ozone concentration in Houston.","volume":"29","author":"Kleinman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"issue":"D23","key":"2025102411241663100_R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4715","DOI":"10.1029\/2003JD003552","article-title":"A comparative study of O3 formation in the Houston urban and industrial plumes during the 2000 Texas Air Quality Study.","volume":"108","author":"Daum","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Geophys. 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Res. \u2013 Atmos."},{"key":"2025102411241663100_R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-2670(03)00497-5","article-title":"Data mining of the relationship between volatile organic compounds and transient high ozone formation.","volume":"490","author":"Gan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"2025102411241663100_R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12685","DOI":"10.1021\/IE202717M","article-title":"Combustion and destruction\/removal efficiencies of in-use chemical flares in the greater Houston area.","volume":"51","author":"Wood","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"issue":"D3","key":"2025102411241663100_R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4104","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JD002502","article-title":"Signatures of terminal alkene oxidation in airborne formaldehyde measurements during TexAQS 2000.","volume":"108","author":"Wert","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. \u2013 Atmos."},{"key":"2025102411241663100_R13","first-page":"4230","article-title":"Hydrocarbon emissions from industrial release events in the Houston-Galveston area and their impact on ozone formation.","volume":"44","author":"Murphy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"2025102411241663100_R14","unstructured":"E. Cowling, C. Furiness, B. Dimitriades, D. Parrish, Final rapid science synthesis report: findings from the second Texas Air Quality study (TexAQS II) \u2013 Final report to the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality, TCEQ Contract Number 582\u20134-656142007 (Southern Oxidants Study Office, North Carolina State University). Available at http:\/\/aqrp.ceer.utexas.edu\/docs\/RSSTFinalReportAug31.pdf [Verified 29 April 2013]."},{"key":"2025102411241663100_R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9580","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ATMOSENV.2007.08.052","article-title":"The effect of variability in industrial emissions on ozone formation in Houston, Texas.","volume":"41","author":"Webster","year":"2007","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"2025102411241663100_R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2437","DOI":"10.1021\/ES802701A","article-title":"Airborne measurements of ethene from industrial sources using laser photo-acoustic spectroscopy.","volume":"43","author":"de Gouw","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2025102411241663100_R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4230","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ATMOSENV.2010.07.008","article-title":"How big is big? How often is often? Characterizing Texas petroleum refining upset air emissions.","volume":"44","author":"McCoy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"2025102411241663100_R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-86-5-657","article-title":"A bad air day in Houston.","volume":"86","author":"Banta","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"2025102411241663100_R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1175\/2010JAMC2483.1","article-title":"Classification of weather patterns and associated trajectories of high-ozone episodes in the Houston-Galveston-Brazoria area during the 2005\/06 TexAQS-II.","volume":"50","author":"Ngan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol."},{"key":"2025102411241663100_R20","unstructured":"W. Vizuete, H. E. Jeffries, A. Valencia, E. Couzo, E. Christoph, J. Wilkinson, B. Henderson, H. Parikh, J. Kolling, HARC Project H97: Multi-model, multi-episode process analysis to investigate ozone formation and control sensitivity in the 2000\/2005\/2006 Houston SIP episode models2009 (Houston Advanced Research Center). Available at http:\/\/projects.tercairquality.org\/AQR\/H097 [Verified 29 April 2013]."},{"key":"2025102411241663100_R21"},{"key":"2025102411241663100_R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7641","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ATMOSENV.2008.05.063","article-title":"Modeling ozone formation from industrial emission events in Houston, Texas.","volume":"42","author":"Vizuete","year":"2008","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"2025102411241663100_R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.3155\/1047-3289.60.9.1105","article-title":"The influence of model resolution on ozone in industrial volatile organic compound plumes.","volume":"60","author":"Henderson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Air Waste Manag. 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Environ."},{"key":"2025102411241663100_R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3273","DOI":"10.5194\/ACP-12-3273-2012","article-title":"Primary and secondary sources of formaldehyde in urban atmospheres: Houston Texas region.","volume":"12","author":"Parrish","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"2025102411241663100_R28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.1002\/jgrd.50197","article-title":"Source apportionment of formaldehyde during TexAQS 2006 using a source-oriented chemical transport model.","volume":"118","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. \u2013 Atmos."},{"key":"2025102411241663100_R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2413","DOI":"10.5194\/ACP-10-2413-2010","article-title":"Formaldehyde and its relation to CO, PAN, and SO2 in the Houston\u2013Galveston airshed.","volume":"10","author":"Rappengl\u00fcck","year":"2010","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. 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