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Although VB12 enhanced growth in non-stressed plants (height: 34\u00a0cm, diameter: 63\u00a0cm, fresh weight: 232\u00a0g), it did not alleviate freezing stress effects. In the absence of VB12, electrolyte leakage increased tenfold under stress, with VB12 having minimal impacts on membrane permeability. A single VB12 application increased Fv\/Fm by 31.36%, and non-photochemical quenching declined by 49.5% under freezing. Photosynthetic pigments and chlorophyll stability index increased during stress but declined post-recovery. VB12 application had no effect on malondialdehyde content under stress but reduced levels post-recovery (51.8 and 45.4\u00a0\u03bcmol g\u22121 fresh weight for one and two applications, respectively). Hydrogen peroxide levels were 61.16% under stress, decreasing to 56.62% after recovery with one-time VB12 application. These findings suggest that VB12-treated plants\u2019 reductions in electrolyte leakage and reactive oxygen detoxification may improve thyme\u2019s freezing tolerance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1071\/fp25089","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T03:34:41Z","timestamp":1762140881000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Evaluating the efficiency of vitamin B12 biofortification on performance of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) exposed to freezing stress"],"prefix":"10.1071","volume":"52","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8878-7412","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Leila","family":"Tabrizi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ADepartment of Horticultural Science and Landscape Engineering, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6126-4208","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Masoud","family":"Hashemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BStockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-4223-4486","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Michelle","family":"DaCosta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BStockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8077-6268","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mahdi","family":"Khansefid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ADepartment of Horticultural Science and Landscape Engineering, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0325-4263","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zohreh","family":"Emami Bistgani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIsfahan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Isfahan, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"67","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025111816284449300_R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stress.2022.100081","article-title":"Cold stress in plants: strategies to improve cold tolerance in forage species.","volume":"4","author":"Adhikari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Plant Stress"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025111816284449300_R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2007.102","article-title":"Estimation of total phenolic content and other oxidation substrates in plant tissues using Folin\u2013Ciocalteu reagent.","volume":"2","author":"Ainsworth","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature Protocols"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025111816284449300_R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11111459","article-title":"Folic acid confers tolerance against salt stress-induced oxidative damages in snap beans through regulation growth, metabolites, antioxidant machinery and gene expression.","volume":"11","author":"Alsamadany","year":"2022","journal-title":"Plants"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025111816284449300_R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.24.1.1","article-title":"Copper enzymes in isolated chloroplasts. 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