{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T20:30:05Z","timestamp":1791664205753,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"CSIRO Publishing","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776211200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":328,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Short episodes of post-anthesis heat restrict grain filling by accelerating leaf senescence, reducing photosynthetic capacity, and limiting assimilate supply to developing grains. We explored the contribution of assimilates, derived from both current photosynthesis and remobilisation, for sustaining wheat yield under post-anthesis heat. Two recombinant inbred lines, SB062 and SB003, were subjected to 7-day heat treatment during different post-anthesis phases. High temperature during the early to mid-grain filling phases (7\u201314 or 14\u201321\u00a0days after anthesis (DAA)) accelerated leaf senescence, with a greater impact on older leaves, primarily in SB003. Significant genotype\u00a0\u00d7\u00a0environment interactions were observed for grain yield components, with post-anthesis heat causing a 10\u201315% reduction in individual grain weight (IGW) and grain dimensions of SB003 only. In contrast, SB062 showed no significant reduction in leaf senescence or grain size in response to heat treatments. This genotypic response in IGW to heat (7\u201314\u00a0DAA) became non-significant when all green leaves were excised, indicating that post-anthesis assimilate supply contributed to the observed genotype\u00a0\u00d7\u00a0environment interactions. In a separate experiment, injection of the cytokinin 6-benzylaminopurine (100\u00a0\u03bcM) significantly increased stay-green and IGW in heat-stressed SB003 plants, suggesting a role of cytokinin-mediated processes in protecting the heat-sensitive genotype. In contrast, abscisic acid and anti-cytokinin 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine reduced IGW in heat-stressed SB062 plants, but not in SB003 that already had IGW substantially reduced by heat stress. These results indicate that under the tested conditions, the superior performance of SB062 under post-anthesis heat was associated with a sustained assimilate supply to developing grains through delayed senescence and enhanced remobilisation. Understanding these physiological processes offers targets for selecting heat-tolerant wheat lines for future breeding programs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1071\/fp25371","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T00:31:26Z","timestamp":1778459486000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Sustained assimilate supply determines grain development in wheat under post-anthesis heat"],"prefix":"10.1071","volume":"53","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6775-3937","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Najeeb","family":"Ullah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"AAgricultural Research Station, Office of VP for Research and Graduate Studies, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7035-7396","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Yahya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BThe University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), Gatton, Qld, Australia. Email: karine.chenu@uq.edu.au"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7273-2057","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Karine","family":"Chenu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BThe University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), Gatton, Qld, Australia. Email: karine.chenu@uq.edu.au"},{"name":"CARC Hub for Engineering Plants to Replace Fossil Carbon, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia."},{"name":"DARC Training Centre in Predictive Breeding, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"67","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026051020312212100_R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2019.107889","article-title":"Heat shocks increasingly impede grain filling but have little effect on grain setting across the Australian wheatbelt.","volume":"284","author":"Ababaei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology"},{"key":"2026051020312212100_R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erz296","article-title":"Heat stress effects on source-sink relationships and metabolome dynamics in wheat.","volume":"71","author":"Abdelrahman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Botany"},{"key":"2026051020312212100_R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006223925694","article-title":"Effects of abscisic acid (ABA) on grain filling processes in wheat.","volume":"28","author":"Ahmadi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Plant Growth Regulation"},{"key":"2026051020312212100_R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eja.2017.11.007","article-title":"Analysis of sink\/source relations in bread wheat recombinant inbred lines and commercial cultivars under a high yield potential environment.","volume":"93","author":"Alonso","year":"2018","journal-title":"European Journal of Agronomy"},{"key":"2026051020312212100_R68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109940","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcr.2025.109940","article-title":"Envirotyping facilitates understanding of genotype \u00d7 environment interactions and highlights the potential of stay-green traits in wheat.","volume":"331","author":"Amin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Field Crops Research"},{"key":"2026051020312212100_R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3040.1993.tb00884.x","article-title":"Ear photosynthesis, carbon isotope discrimination and the contribution of respiratory CO2 to differences in grain mass in durum wheat.","volume":"16","author":"Araus","year":"1993","journal-title":"Plant, Cell and Environment"},{"key":"2026051020312212100_R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate2470","article-title":"Rising temperatures reduce global wheat production.","volume":"5","author":"Asseng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature Climate Change"},{"key":"2026051020312212100_R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcr.2014.11.010","article-title":"Simulating the impact of extreme heat and frost events on wheat crop production: a review.","volume":"171","author":"Barlow","year":"2015","journal-title":"Field Crops Research"},{"key":"2026051020312212100_R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1038\/270431a0","article-title":"Contribution of stored pre-anthesis assimilate to grain yield in wheat and barley.","volume":"270","author":"Bidinger","year":"1977","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026051020312212100_R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1071\/PP9780061","article-title":"The weights of individual grains of the wheat ear in relation to their growth potential, the supply of assimilate and interaction between grains.","volume":"5","author":"Bremner","year":"1978","journal-title":"Australian Journal of Plant Physiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026051020312212100_R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1017\/S0021859699006504","article-title":"Effect of temperature and carpel size during pre-anthesis on potential grain weight in wheat.","volume":"132","author":"Calderini","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Agricultural Science"},{"key":"2026051020312212100_R11","unstructured":"Chenu K, Oudin F (2019) Heat impact on yield components of fertile primary tillers in wheat can inform crop modelling for future climates. In \u2018Proceedings of the Australian Agronomy Conference\u2019, 25-29 August, Wagga Wagga, Australia. pp. 25\u201329."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026051020312212100_R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.12192","article-title":"Large-scale characterization of drought pattern: A continent-wide modelling approach applied to the Australian wheatbelt - spatial and temporal trends.","volume":"198","author":"Chenu","year":"2013","journal-title":"New Phytologist"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026051020312212100_R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2017.02.003","article-title":"Contribution of crop models to adaptation in wheat.","volume":"22","author":"Chenu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends in Plant Science"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026051020312212100_R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1071\/FP14052","article-title":"Phenotyping novel stay-green traits to capture genetic variation in senescence dynamics.","volume":"41","author":"Christopher","year":"2014","journal-title":"Functional Plant Biology"},{"issue":"17","key":"2026051020312212100_R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5159","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erw276","article-title":"Stay-green traits to improve wheat adaptation in well-watered and water-limited environments.","volume":"67","author":"Christopher","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Botany"},{"key":"2026051020312212100_R16","unstructured":"Clifton M, Trethowan R, Coast O, Bramley H, Keitel C (2025) Effects of elevated temperature stress on grain filling in wheat. GRDC Grains Research Update. GRDC, Dubbo, Australia. pp. 135\u2013141."},{"key":"2026051020312212100_R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crm.2021.100300","article-title":"Improving productivity of Australian wheat by adapting sowing date and genotype phenology to future climate.","volume":"32","author":"Collins","year":"2021","journal-title":"Climate Risk Management"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026051020312212100_R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcr.2009.02.006","article-title":"Grain number and grain weight in wheat lines contrasting for stem water soluble carbohydrate concentration.","volume":"112","author":"Dreccer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Field Crops Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026051020312212100_R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcr.2007.10.012","article-title":"Genotypic variation in linear rate of grain growth and contribution of stem reserves to grain yield in wheat.","volume":"106","author":"Ehdaie","year":"2008","journal-title":"Field Crops Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026051020312212100_R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/45.1.103","article-title":"Senescence and protein degradation in leaf segments of young winter wheat: influence of leaf age.","volume":"45","author":"Fischer","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Botany"},{"key":"2026051020312212100_R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6596","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erab282","article-title":"How does post-flowering heat impact grain growth and its determining processes in wheat?","volume":"72","author":"Girousse","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Botany"},{"key":"2026051020312212100_R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plantsci.2007.03.004","article-title":"Heat stress induced ethylene production in developing wheat grains induces kernel abortion and increased maturation in a susceptible cultivar.","volume":"172","author":"Hays","year":"2007","journal-title":"Plant Science"},{"key":"2026051020312212100_R23","unstructured":"Hunter MN, Scattini WJ, Davis SE, Hickey M, Levander C (2010) The Twinpot Water Management System : demand (water) driven, automated container irrigation that increases crop turnover, while saving water, nutrients and reducing root escape. Avialable at https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:110396640"},{"key":"2026051020312212100_R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2016.00795","article-title":"Wheat phenological development and growth studies as affected by drought and late season high temperature stress under arid environment.","volume":"7","author":"Ihsan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Frontiers in Plant Science"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026051020312212100_R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1071\/PP9940791","article-title":"Starch synthesis in the kernel of wheat under high temperature conditions.","volume":"21","author":"Jenner","year":"1994","journal-title":"Australian Journal of Plant Physiology"},{"key":"2026051020312212100_R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcr.2024.109264","article-title":"Quantifying pre- and post-anthesis heat waves on grain number and grain weight of contrasting wheat cultivars.","volume":"307","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Field Crops Research"},{"key":"2026051020312212100_R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcr.2025.110310","article-title":"Physiological bases of wheat grain weight response to heat waves: post-anthesis sensitivity and responses to source-sink manipulations in contrasting cultivars.","volume":"338","author":"Kim","year":"2026","journal-title":"Field Crops Research"},{"key":"2026051020312212100_R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep05355","article-title":"Quantifying the impact of exogenous abscisic acid and gibberellins on pre-maturity \u00ce\u00b1-amylase formation in developing wheat grains.","volume":"4","author":"Kondhare","year":"2014","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026051020312212100_R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy10071001","article-title":"Deciphering the role of stay-green trait to mitigate terminal heat stress in bread wheat.","volume":"10","author":"Latif","year":"2020","journal-title":"Agronomy"},{"key":"2026051020312212100_R30","unstructured":"Lee H, Calvin K, Dasgupta D, Krinner G, Mukherji A, Thorne P, Park Y (2023) Climate change 2023: Synthesis report, summary for policymakers. Contribution of working groups I, II and III to the sixth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [core writing team, H. Lee and J. Romero (eds.)]. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland."},{"key":"2026051020312212100_R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3789","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/ers071","article-title":"Stay-green in spring wheat can be determined by spectral reflectance measurements (normalized difference vegetation index) independently from phenology.","volume":"63","author":"Lopes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Botany"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026051020312212100_R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cj.2020.08.012","article-title":"Exogenous abscisic acid coordinating leaf senescence and transport of assimilates into wheat grains under drought stress by regulating hormones homeostasis.","volume":"9","author":"Luo","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Crop Journal"},{"key":"2026051020312212100_R33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1111\/jac.12109","article-title":"Contribution of different organs to grain filling in durum Wheat under Mediterranean Conditions I. Contribution of Post-Anthesis Photosynthesis and remobilization.","volume":"201","author":"Merah","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026051020312212100_R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19010056","article-title":"Participation of green organs to grain filling in triticum turgidum var durum grown under Mediterranean conditions.","volume":"19","author":"Merah","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Journal of Molecular Sciences"},{"key":"2026051020312212100_R35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2021.728166","article-title":"Heat stress after pollination reduces kernel number in maize by insufficient assimilates.","volume":"12","author":"Niu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontiers in Genetics"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026051020312212100_R36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1071\/FP06148","article-title":"Drought-adaptive attributes in the Seri\/Babax hexaploid wheat population.","volume":"34","author":"Olivares-Villegas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Functional Plant Biology"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026051020312212100_R37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3054.2010.01441.x","article-title":"Relationships of non-structural carbohydrates accumulation and translocation with yield formation in rice recombinant inbred lines under two nitrogen levels.","volume":"141","author":"Pan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Physiologia Plantarum"},{"key":"2026051020312212100_R38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1071\/FP09174","article-title":"Stem solidness and its relationship to water-soluble carbohydrates: association with wheat yield under water deficit.","volume":"37","author":"Pierre","year":"2010","journal-title":"Functional Plant Biology"},{"key":"2026051020312212100_R39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2055","DOI":"10.1007\/s00122-016-2757-4","article-title":"Modelling and genetic dissection of staygreen under heat stress.","volume":"129","author":"Pinto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Theoretical and Applied Genetics"},{"key":"2026051020312212100_R67","unstructured":"R Core Team (2018) R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria."},{"key":"2026051020312212100_R40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2573","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erw081","article-title":"Awns reduce grain number to increase grain size and harvestable yield in irrigated and rainfed spring wheat.","volume":"67","author":"Rebetzke","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Botany"},{"key":"2026051020312212100_R41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erp091","article-title":"Intersection of two signalling pathways: Extracellular nucleotides regulate pollen germination and pollen tube growth via nitric oxide.","volume":"60","author":"Reichler","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Botany"},{"key":"2026051020312212100_R42"},{"key":"2026051020312212100_R43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcr.2009.08.003","article-title":"Sensitivity of yield and grain nitrogen concentration of wheat, lupin and pea to source reduction during grain filling. A comparative survey under high yielding conditions.","volume":"114","author":"Sanda\u00f1a","year":"2009","journal-title":"Field Crops Research"},{"key":"2026051020312212100_R44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcr.2025.110264","article-title":"Extreme treatments and data overinterpretation could lead to the unjustified conclusion that crop yield is source-limited during the effective grain filling.","volume":"337","author":"Savin","year":"2026","journal-title":"Field Crops Research"},{"key":"2026051020312212100_R45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcr.2013.05.016","article-title":"Understanding grain yield responses to source-sink ratios during grain filling in wheat and barley under contrasting environments.","volume":"150","author":"Serrago","year":"2013","journal-title":"Field Crops Research"},{"key":"2026051020312212100_R46"},{"key":"2026051020312212100_R47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1071\/PP9950927","article-title":"Effect of timing of heat stress during grain filling on two wheat varieties differing in heat tolerance. I. Grain growth.","volume":"22","author":"Stone","year":"1995","journal-title":"Australian Journal of Plant Physiology"},{"key":"2026051020312212100_R48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcr.2013.03.013","article-title":"Effect of short-term heat stress prior to anthesis and at early grain set on the utilization of water-soluble carbohydrate by wheat genotypes.","volume":"147","author":"Talukder","year":"2013","journal-title":"Field Crops Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026051020312212100_R49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aob.a087808","article-title":"A comparison of the effect of high temperature on grain development in wheat and rice.","volume":"64","author":"Tashiro","year":"1989","journal-title":"Annals of Botany"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026051020312212100_R64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02279331","article-title":"Inhibitors of cytokinin metabolism III. The inhibition of cytokinin N-glucosylation in radish cotyledons.","volume":"10","author":"Tao","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journal of Plant Growth Regulation"},{"key":"2026051020312212100_R50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proenv.2015.07.139","article-title":"Identification of genetic variation in heat stress and mechanisms of tolerance in wheat.","volume":"29","author":"Thistlethwaite","year":"2015","journal-title":"Procedia Environmental Sciences"},{"key":"2026051020312212100_R51","unstructured":"Ullah N, Chenu K (2019) Impact of post-flowering heat stress on stay-green and grain development in wheat. In \u2018Proceedings of the 2019 Agronomy Australia Conference\u2019, 25\u201329 August 2019, Wagga Wagga, Australia."},{"key":"2026051020312212100_R52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eja.2023.126757","article-title":"A robust field-based method to screen heat tolerance in wheat.","volume":"144","author":"Ullah","year":"2023","journal-title":"European Journal of Agronomy"},{"key":"2026051020312212100_R53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcr.2024.109489","article-title":"Pre- and post-flowering impacts of natural heatwaves on yield components in wheat.","volume":"316","author":"Ullah","year":"2024","journal-title":"Field Crops Research"},{"key":"2026051020312212100_R54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stress.2024.100654","article-title":"Physiological mechanisms regulating source-sink interactions and grain yield formation in heat-stressed wheat.","volume":"14","author":"Ullah","year":"2024","journal-title":"Plant Stress"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026051020312212100_R55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1014442006862","article-title":"Effects of exogenous hormones on floret development and grain set in wheat.","volume":"35","author":"Wang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Plant Growth Regulation"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026051020312212100_R56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0161351","article-title":"Cytokinin-regulated sucrose metabolism in stay-green wheat phenotype.","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026051020312212100_R57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcf219","article-title":"Interaction between drought and chronic high temperature during kernel filling in wheat in a controlled environment.","volume":"90","author":"Wardlaw","year":"2002","journal-title":"Annals of Botany"},{"key":"2026051020312212100_R58","unstructured":"Yahya M, Ullah N, Christopher J, Chenu K (2022) Stay-green to increase heat tolerance in wheat?. In \u2018Proceedings of the 20th Agronomy Australia Conference\u2019, 2022. Toowoomba, Qld, Australia."},{"key":"2026051020312212100_R59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"erag188","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erag188","article-title":"Improving wheat tolerance to post-flowering heat using matched development stages and field-based reaction norms.","author":"Yahya","year":"2026","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Botany"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026051020312212100_R65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.127.1.315","article-title":"Hormonal changes in the grains of rice subjected to water stress during grain filling.","volume":"127","author":"Yang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Plant Physiology"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026051020312212100_R60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0155437","article-title":"Exogenous cytokinins increase grain yield of winter wheat cultivars by improving stay-green characteristics under heat stress.","volume":"11","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026051020312212100_R66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1042\/bj0570508","article-title":"The estimation of carbohydrates in plant extracts by anthrone.","volume":"57","author":"Yemm","year":"1954","journal-title":"Biochemical Journal"},{"key":"2026051020312212100_R61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3180.1974.tb01084.x","article-title":"A decimal code for the growth stages of cereals.","author":"Zadoks","year":"1974","journal-title":"Weed Research"},{"key":"2026051020312212100_R62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcr.2011.04.014","article-title":"Characteristics of canopy structure and contributions of non-leaf organs to yield in winter wheat under different irrigated conditions.","volume":"123","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Field Crops Research"},{"key":"2026051020312212100_R63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2899","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2012.02724.x","article-title":"Breeding for the future: What are the potential impacts of future frost and heat events on sowing and anthesis time requirements for Australian bread wheat (Triticum aestivium) varieties?","volume":"18","author":"Zheng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Global Change Biology"}],"container-title":["Functional Plant Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/connectsci.au\/fp\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1071\/FP25371\/1865420\/fp25371.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/connectsci.au\/fp\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1071\/FP25371\/1865420\/fp25371.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T00:31:29Z","timestamp":1778459489000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/connectsci.au\/fp\/article\/53\/5\/FP25371\/272454\/Sustained-assimilate-supply-determines-grain"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Jairo","family":"Palta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1071\/fp25371","relation":{},"ISSN":["1445-4408","1445-4416"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1445-4408","type":"print"},{"value":"1445-4416","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]]},"article-number":"FP25371"}}