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Leaf thickness of \u00c7F1 was higher than KM-1 at optimum (25\u00b0C) and low temperatures. Long-term cold stress reduced stomatal density while increasing leaf thickness in KM-1. At 48 and 60\u00a0h of stress, both cultivars showed increased malondialdehyde (MDA) and ion leakage, while FW, actual water content (AWC), and relative water content (RWC)\u00a0decreased. Under cold stress, 0.25\u00a0mM mT increased RWC, AWC, and FW\u00a0in KM-1 at 48 and 60\u00a0h, and at 60 h in \u00c7F1, without changing DW. It decreased the upper stomatal density of \u00c7F1 and index ratio at 60 h. At 24\u00a0h of stress, all mT concentrations increased ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), peroxidase (POD)\u00a0activity, protein, phenolic compounds, H2O2, MDA, and leaf thickness. At 48\u00a0h, \u00c7F1 showed higher flavonoid, FRAP, and POD activity when compared with KM-1. All mT applications increased total protein content and decreased MDA levels at 48 and 60 hcompared with stress alone. mT positively supported tolerance to cold stress in pepper through anatomical and physiological mechanisms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1071\/fp26075","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T04:51:50Z","timestamp":1791867110000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Investigation of cold stress tolerance in seedlings of pepper (Capsicum annuum) following application of meta-topolin"],"prefix":"10.1071","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Belgizar","family":"Karayi\u011fit","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"AAnkara University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Ankara, 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