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We examined chlorophyll fluorescence, the P700 redox state, and electrochromic shift signals in maize leaves subjected to FL under individual and compound stresses of moderate heat and drought. Following short-term FL treatment, photosystem I (PSI) photoinhibition was not exacerbated by any stress treatment, whereas photosystem II (PSII) photoinhibition was significantly aggravated by heat and compound stresses. Individual moderate heat stress minimally affected photosynthetic electron flow and the trans-thylakoid proton gradient (\u0394pH). Under drought and compound stress, linear electron flow was substantially suppressed while cyclic electron flow (CEF) was stimulated persistently, enhancing the \u0394pH formation during high-light phases. Additionally, alternative electron sinks were strongly activated during the initial one minute of low-to-high light transition under compound stress. Coordinated CEF and alternative electron sinks alleviated the PSI acceptor side limitation, thereby protecting PSI against photoinhibition in maize under FL during drought and compound stress. These findings provide insights into photosynthetic regulation in C4 crops under complex environmental conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1071\/fp26160","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T02:06:33Z","timestamp":1789092393000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Coordination of cyclic electron flow and alternative electron sinks adjusts photosynthetic regulation in maize under fluctuating light during combined heat and drought stress"],"prefix":"10.1071","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Dou","family":"Zuo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"AKunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China."},{"name":"BUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming-Ying","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AKunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying-Jie","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CFlower Research Institute of Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650205, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AKunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"67","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"2026091022062737500_R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4111","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1221194110","article-title":"Flavodiiron proteins Flv1 and Flv3 enable cyanobacterial growth and photosynthesis under fluctuating light.","volume":"110","author":"Allahverdiyeva","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026091022062737500_R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2427","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/eru463","article-title":"Photoprotection of photosystems in fluctuating light intensities.","volume":"66","author":"Allahverdiyeva","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Botany"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026091022062737500_R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbabio.2004.03.003","article-title":"Environmental stress inhibits the synthesis de novo of proteins involved in the photodamage\u2013repair cycle of Photosystem II in Synechocystis sp. 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