{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T21:03:04Z","timestamp":1791925384467,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"CSIRO Publishing","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]],"date-time":"2025-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747872000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1612,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>INTRODUCTION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Malnutrition is an under-recognised and under-treated problem often affecting older adults.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>AIM<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of and factors associated with malnutrition and frailty among older adults at early admission to residential aged care.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cross-sectional study was undertaken among eligible older adults within the first week of admission to residential aged care. Participants were assessed for malnutrition risk using the Mini Nutritional Assessment Short Form, frailty using the Fried phenotype criterion, muscle strength using a grip strength dynamometer and gait speed using a 2.4-m walk test. A Cox regression analysis was conducted to identify factors associated with malnutrition risk and frailty status.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of 174 participants (mean age 85.5 years, 61% women), two-thirds (66%) were admitted to residential aged care from the community. Most (93%) were either malnourished (48%) or at risk of malnutrition (45%). A total of 76% of participants were frail and 24% were pre-frail. Forty-three percent were both malnourished and frail. Low risk of malnutrition was associated with increases in muscle strength [0.96 (0.93\u20130.99)], gait speed [0.27 (0.10\u20130.73)] and pre-frailty status [0.32 (0.12\u20130.83)].<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>DISCUSSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study provides preliminary evidence for high prevalence of malnutrition and frailty at admission to residential aged care. Almost all participants were malnourished or at nutrition risk. Findings highlight the need for strategies to prevent, detect and treat malnutrition in community health care and support nutrition screening at admission to residential aged care.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1071\/hc20042","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,22]],"date-time":"2020-12-22T01:06:07Z","timestamp":1608599167000},"page":"305-317","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["High prevalence of malnutrition and frailty among older adults at admission to residential aged care"],"prefix":"10.1071","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Idah","family":"Chatindiara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ACollege of Health, Massey University, Turitea Placem Albany, Auckland, New Zealand"},{"name":"CCorresponding author. Email: ichatindi@gmail.com"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline","family":"Allen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BDepartment of Surgery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dushanka","family":"Hettige","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ACollege of Health, Massey University, Turitea Placem Albany, Auckland, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stacey","family":"Senior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ACollege of Health, Massey University, Turitea Placem Albany, Auckland, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marilize","family":"Richter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ACollege of Health, Massey University, Turitea Placem Albany, Auckland, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marlena","family":"Kruger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ACollege of Health, Massey University, Turitea Placem Albany, Auckland, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carol","family":"Wham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ACollege of Health, Massey University, Turitea Placem Albany, Auckland, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"67","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"2025111818281966100_R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2016.12.074","article-title":"High prevalence of physical frailty among community-dwelling malnourished older adults\u2013A systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"18","author":"Verlaan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Med Dir Assoc."},{"issue":"5","key":"2025111818281966100_R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2016-0652","article-title":"Malnutrition or frailty? Overlap and evidence gaps in the diagnosis and treatment of frailty and malnutrition.","volume":"42","author":"Laur","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl Physiol Nutr Metab."},{"issue":"1","key":"2025111818281966100_R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3171","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-03388-3","article-title":"Malnutrition-sarcopenia syndrome predicts mortality in hospitalized older patients.","volume":"7","author":"Hu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"2025111818281966100_R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-016-0709-0","article-title":"Nutrition, frailty, and sarcopenia.","volume":"29","author":"Cruz-Jentoft","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aging Clin Exp Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"2025111818281966100_R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0b013e328352694f","article-title":"Malnutrition, fatigue, frailty, vulnerability, sarcopenia and cachexia: overlap of clinical features.","volume":"15","author":"Jeejeebhoy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care."},{"issue":"2","key":"2025111818281966100_R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2012.11.003","article-title":"Malnutrition and quality of life in older people: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"12","author":"Rasheed","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev."},{"issue":"7","key":"2025111818281966100_R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2015-206717","article-title":"Association between frailty and quality of life among community-dwelling older people: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"70","author":"Kojima","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health."},{"key":"2025111818281966100_R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2017.01.009","article-title":"Coexisting severe frailty and malnutrition predict mortality among the oldest old in nursing homes: a 1-year prospective study.","volume":"70","author":"Kamo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch Gerontol Geriatr."},{"key":"2025111818281966100_R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/gnr098","article-title":"The meaning of \u201cageing in place\u201d to older people.","volume":"52","author":"Wiles","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gerontologist."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2025111818281966100_R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s12126-009-9034-7","article-title":"Why do older people in New Zealand enter residential care rather than choosing to remain at home, and who makes that decision?","volume":"34","author":"Jorgensen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ageing Int."},{"key":"2025111818281966100_R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2019.104502","article-title":"Eating less the logical thing to do? Vulnerability to malnutrition with advancing age: a qualitative study.","volume":"146","author":"Chatindiara","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appetite."},{"key":"2025111818281966100_R12","unstructured":"Ministry of Health. DHB spending on services for older people. Wellington, New Zealand: Ministry of Health; 2016. [cited 2018 January 31]. Available from: http:\/\/www.health.govt.nz\/nz-health-statistics\/health-statistics-and-data-sets\/older-peoples-health-data-and-stats\/dhb-spending-services-older-people."},{"issue":"4","key":"2025111818281966100_R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-6405.12374","article-title":"Likelihood of residential aged care use in later life: a simple approach to estimation with international comparison.","volume":"39","author":"Broad","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Public Health."},{"issue":"2","key":"2025111818281966100_R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1111\/ajag.12010","article-title":"Residential aged care: the de facto hospice for New Zealand\u2019s older people.","volume":"33","author":"Connolly","year":"2014","journal-title":"Australas J Ageing."},{"issue":"1","key":"2025111818281966100_R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1111\/ajag.12344","article-title":"Position Statement: undernutrition and the older person.","volume":"36","author":"Australian and New Zealand Society for Geriatric Medicine","year":"2017","journal-title":"Australas J Ageing."},{"key":"2025111818281966100_R16"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025111818281966100_R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1734","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2010.03016.x","article-title":"Frequency of malnutrition in older adults: a multinational perspective using the mini nutritional assessment.","volume":"58","author":"Kaiser","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc."},{"issue":"9","key":"2025111818281966100_R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-009-0214-7","article-title":"Validation of the Mini Nutritional Assessment Short-Form (MNA\u00ae-SF): a practical tool for identification of nutritional status.","volume":"13","author":"Kaiser","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Nutr Health Aging."},{"issue":"4","key":"2025111818281966100_R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-6612.2008.00324.x","article-title":"Malnutrition prevalence and nutrition issues in residential aged care facilities.","volume":"27","author":"Gaskill","year":"2008","journal-title":"Australas J Ageing."},{"issue":"4","key":"2025111818281966100_R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1080\/21551197.2019.1640165","article-title":"Prevalence of malnutrition or risk in residents in long term care: comparison of four tools.","volume":"38","author":"Keller","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Nutr Gerontol Geriatr."},{"issue":"4","key":"2025111818281966100_R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1602111","article-title":"Malnutrition and associated factors among aged residents in all nursing homes in Helsinki.","volume":"59","author":"Suominen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr."},{"issue":"3","key":"2025111818281966100_R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.3945\/an.115.011254","article-title":"Risk factors for malnutrition in older adults: a systematic review of the literature based on longitudinal data.","volume":"7","author":"F\u00e1varo-Moreira","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv Nutr."},{"issue":"6","key":"2025111818281966100_R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2013.03.022","article-title":"Frailty consensus: a call to action.","volume":"14","author":"Morley","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Am Med Dir Assoc."},{"issue":"3","key":"2025111818281966100_R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"M146","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/56.3.M146","article-title":"Frailty in older adults evidence for a phenotype.","volume":"56","author":"Fried","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci."},{"key":"2025111818281966100_R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2015.12.003","article-title":"Frailty assessment instruments: systematic characterization of the uses and contexts of highly-cited instruments.","volume":"26","author":"Buta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev."},{"key":"2025111818281966100_R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2016.03.007","article-title":"Frailty measurement in research and clinical presidential aged caretice: a review.","volume":"31","author":"Dent","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Intern Med."},{"issue":"11","key":"2025111818281966100_R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2015.06.025","article-title":"Prevalence of frailty in nursing homes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"16","author":"Kojima","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Med Dir Assoc."},{"issue":"4","key":"2025111818281966100_R28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2013.07.013","article-title":"Malnutrition in the elderly: a narrative review.","volume":"76","author":"Agarwal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Maturitas."},{"issue":"5","key":"2025111818281966100_R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1590\/0104-1169.0213.2493","article-title":"Factors associated with the frailty syndrome in elderly individuals living in the urban area.","volume":"22","author":"Pegorari","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev Lat Am Enfermagem."},{"key":"2025111818281966100_R30","unstructured":"Statistics New Zealand. Population. Wellington, New Zealand: Stats NZ; 2018. [cited 2017 November 22]. Available from: https:\/\/www.stats.govt.nz\/topics\/population."},{"key":"2025111818281966100_R31"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025111818281966100_R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"M366","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/56.6.M366","article-title":"Screening for undernutrition in geriatric practice developing the short-form mini-nutritional assessment (MNA-SF).","volume":"56","author":"Rubenstein","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci."},{"issue":"12","key":"2025111818281966100_R33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1177\/000348940811701210","article-title":"Validity and reliability of the Eating Assessment Tool (EAT-10).","volume":"117","author":"Belafsky","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025111818281966100_R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x","article-title":"The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: a brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment.","volume":"53","author":"Nasreddine","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"2025111818281966100_R35","unstructured":"Nasreddine Z. Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA): administration and scoring instructions. Canada; 2004. Available from: http:\/\/www.mocatest.org\/."},{"issue":"4","key":"2025111818281966100_R36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afq034","article-title":"Sarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosis Report of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People.","volume":"39","author":"Cruz-Jentoft","year":"2010","journal-title":"Age Ageing."},{"key":"2025111818281966100_R37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afr051","article-title":"A review of the measurement of grip strength in clinical and epidemiological studies: towards a standardised approach.","volume":"40","author":"Roberts","year":"2011","journal-title":"Age Ageing."},{"issue":"2","key":"2025111818281966100_R38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"M85","DOI":"10.1093\/geronj\/49.2.M85","article-title":"A short physical performance battery assessing lower extremity function: association with self-reported disability and prediction of mortality and nursing home admission.","volume":"49","author":"Guralnik","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Gerontol."},{"issue":"4","key":"2025111818281966100_R39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"M221","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/55.4.M221","article-title":"Lower extremity function and subsequent disability: consistency across studies, predictive models, and value of gait speed alone compared with the Short Physical Performance Battery.","volume":"55","author":"Guralnik","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci."},{"key":"2025111818281966100_R40","first-page":"453","article-title":"Fried frailty phenotype assessment components as applied to geriatric inpatients.","volume":"11","author":"Bieniek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Interv Aging."},{"issue":"6","key":"2025111818281966100_R41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glp012","article-title":"Prevalence of frailty in middle-aged and older community-dwelling Europeans living in 10 countries.","volume":"64A","author":"Santos-Eggimann","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"2025111818281966100_R42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4679(198601)42:1&lt;28::AID-JCLP2270420104&gt;3.0.CO;2-T","article-title":"Factorial and discriminant validity of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) scale.","volume":"42","author":"Orme","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Clin Psychol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2025111818281966100_R43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-3-21","article-title":"Alternatives for logistic regression in cross-sectional studies: an empirical comparison of models that directly estimate the prevalence ratio.","volume":"3","author":"Barros","year":"2003","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol."},{"key":"2025111818281966100_R44","unstructured":"interRAI New Zealand. [cited 2019 September 18]. Available from: https:\/\/www.interrai.co.nz\/about\/"},{"key":"2025111818281966100_R45","unstructured":"Radich MJ. Comparison of nutritional components of InterRAI-HC to validated nutrition screening tools (Thesis, Master of Dietetics). Dunedin: University of Otago; 2014."},{"issue":"12","key":"2025111818281966100_R46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2017.06.017","article-title":"Frailty and malnutrition: related and distinct syndrome prevalence and association among community-dwelling older adults: Singapore Longitudinal Ageing Studies.","volume":"18","author":"Wei","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Med Dir Assoc."},{"issue":"1","key":"2025111818281966100_R47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2015.01.008","article-title":"Malnutrition and frailty in community dwelling older adults living in a rural setting.","volume":"35","author":"Boulos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Nutr."},{"issue":"6","key":"2025111818281966100_R48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afg111","article-title":"Is grip strength a useful single marker of frailty?","volume":"32","author":"Syddall","year":"2003","journal-title":"Age Ageing."},{"issue":"1","key":"2025111818281966100_R49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afu157","article-title":"Diagnostic test accuracy of simple instruments for identifying frailty in community-dwelling older people: a systematic review.","volume":"44","author":"Clegg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Age Ageing."},{"issue":"1","key":"2025111818281966100_R50","first-page":"37","article-title":"Frailty and the role of nutrition in older people. A review of the current literature.","volume":"81","author":"Kaiser","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Biomed."},{"issue":"2","key":"2025111818281966100_R51","first-page":"74","article-title":"The role of nutrition in frailty: an overview.","volume":"5","author":"Goisser","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Frailty Aging."},{"issue":"10","key":"2025111818281966100_R52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4126","DOI":"10.3390\/nu5104126","article-title":"Anorexia of aging: a modifiable risk factor for frailty.","volume":"5","author":"Martone","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"2025111818281966100_R53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-018-1033-5","article-title":"Dysphagia, dementia and frailty.","volume":"22","author":"Payne","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Nutr Health Aging"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025111818281966100_R54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-015-0514-z","article-title":"Health and social factors associated with nutrition risk: results from life and living in advanced age: a cohort study in New Zealand (LILACS NZ).","volume":"19","author":"Wham","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Nutr Health Aging."},{"issue":"1","key":"2025111818281966100_R55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-018-0771-x","article-title":"Dysphagia risk, low muscle strength and poor cognition predict malnutrition risk in older adults at hospital admission.","volume":"18","author":"Chatindiara","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr."},{"issue":"1","key":"2025111818281966100_R56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-6405.12848","article-title":"Associations between nutrition risk status, body composition and physical performance among community-dwelling older adults.","volume":"43","author":"Chatindiara","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Public Health."},{"key":"2025111818281966100_R57","first-page":"S181","article-title":"Association between dysphagia and frailty.","volume":"37","author":"Bahat","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Nutr."}],"container-title":["The Journal of Primary Health Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/connectsci.au\/hc\/article-pdf\/12\/4\/305\/223061\/hc20042.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/connectsci.au\/hc\/article-pdf\/12\/4\/305\/223061\/hc20042.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T23:28:24Z","timestamp":1763508504000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/connectsci.au\/hc\/article\/12\/4\/305\/34979\/High-prevalence-of-malnutrition-and-frailty-among"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,22]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,22]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,22]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1071\/hc20042","relation":{},"ISSN":["1172-6156"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1172-6156","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,22]]}}}