{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T00:35:33Z","timestamp":1777250133062,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"CSIRO Publishing","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774396800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In Aotearoa New Zealand, Pacific peoples, including Tongans, experience disproportionately higher rates of type 2 diabetes and related complications. There is an urgent need for innovative, culturally appropriate interventions to improve outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to determine the impact of continuous glucose monitoring devices with cultural wrap-around support on medium-term glycaemic control and other type 2 diabetes biomarkers in Tongan adults with high-risk type 2 diabetes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twenty-two Tongan adults with HbA1c \u226560\u00a0mmol\/mol were invited to participate in a 6-month pilot intervention study involving 4\u00a0weeks of continuous glucose monitoring wear at baseline and 2\u00a0weeks at 3-months, alongside wrap-around care delivered by a Tongan kai\u0101whina (support health worker). The primary endpoint was 3-month HbA1c. Clinical (glycated haemoglobin, lipids, estimated glomerular filtration rate, urinary albumin to creatinine ratio) and psychosocial (Diabetes Self-Management Questionnaire, measured at baseline and 3\u00a0months) outcomes were measured at baseline, 3, and 6\u00a0months.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nineteen participants completed the study through to 6\u00a0months. Mean HbA1c significantly decreased from 80.2\u00a0\u00b1\u00a019.4\u00a0mmol\/mol at baseline to 68.6\u00a0\u00b1\u00a014.2\u00a0mmol\/mol at 3\u00a0months, with reductions maintained at 6\u00a0months. No significant changes in lipids or renal function were observed. Diabetes Self-Management Questionnaire scores increased from 4.9\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.8 to 6.0\u00a0\u00b1\u00a01.0 (P\u00a0&amp;lt;\u00a00.001).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Culturally tailored continuous glucose monitoring-based interventions have the potential to support Tongan adults with understanding, optimising, and managing type 2 diabetes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1071\/hc25177","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,26]],"date-time":"2026-04-26T23:46:41Z","timestamp":1777247201000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Improving glycaemic control in primary care for Tongan adults with type 2 diabetes through the use of continuous glucose monitoring and holistic support: a pilot study"],"prefix":"10.1071","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8878-3650","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Janina\u2019ofa","family":"Galewski-Tangataevaha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ATe W\u0101nanga Waiora Division of Health, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hamish","family":"Crocket","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ATe W\u0101nanga Waiora Division of Health, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4490-9545","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"S. \u2018Apo\u2019","family":"Aporosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ATe W\u0101nanga Waiora Division of Health, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sione","family":"Vaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ATe W\u0101nanga Waiora Division of Health, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seong Hoon","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BAu Reikura School of Computing and Mathematical Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lynne","family":"Chepulis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ATe W\u0101nanga Waiora Division of Health, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"67","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"2026042619463893100_R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e209","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30412-5","article-title":"Ethnic differences in mortality and hospital admission rates between M\u0101ori, Pacific, and European New Zealanders with type 2 diabetes between 1994 and 2018: a retrospective, population-based, longitudinal cohort study.","volume":"9","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"2026042619463893100_R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dialog.2023.100152","article-title":"Who Are Pacific Peoples in Terms of Ethnicity and Country of Birth? A Cross Sectional Study of 2,238,039 Adults in Aotearoa New Zealand\u2019s Integrated Data Infrastructure.","volume":"3","author":"Winter-Smith","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dialogues Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026042619463893100_R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.26021\/15599","article-title":"Type 2 Diabetes in Different Pacific Groups in Aotearoa New Zealand \u2013 Characteristics and Medication Use.","volume":"8","author":"Chepulis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pac Dyn J Interdiscip Res"},{"key":"2026042619463893100_R4"},{"key":"2026042619463893100_R5"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026042619463893100_R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/26350106221116899","article-title":"Experiences of Using Wearable Continuous Glucose Monitors in Adults with Diabetes: A Qualitative Descriptive Study.","volume":"48","author":"Kang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Diabetes Self Manag Care"},{"key":"2026042619463893100_R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1007\/s41347-022-00247-5","article-title":"Real-Time Continuous Glucose Monitoring as a Behavioral Intervention Tool for T2D: A Systematic Review.","volume":"7","author":"Engler","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Technol Behav Sci"},{"key":"2026042619463893100_R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1071\/hc24056","article-title":"Technology-Enhanced, Culturally-Informed Primary Care Results in Sustained Improvements in Biomarkers for Indigenous Patients with Type 2 Diabetes \u2013 a Pilot Study.","volume":"17","author":"Chepulis","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Prim Health Care"},{"key":"2026042619463893100_R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcdhc.2021.823046","article-title":"A Self-Report Measure of Diabetes Self-Management for Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes: The Diabetes Self-Management Questionnaire-Revised (DSMQ-R) \u2013 Clinimetric Evidence From Five Studies.","volume":"2","author":"Schmitt","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Clin Diabetes Healthc"},{"key":"2026042619463893100_R10"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026042619463893100_R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-024-08267-7","article-title":"Can flash glucose monitoring improve glucose management for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples with type 2 diabetes? A protocol for a randomised controlled trial.","volume":"25","author":"Hachem","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trials"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026042619463893100_R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.20507\/alternative.2016.12.2.3","article-title":"Talanoa\u2019i \u2018a E Talanoa\u2014Talking about Talanoa: Some Dilemmas of a Novice Researcher.","volume":"12","author":"Fa\u2019avae","year":"2016","journal-title":"AlterNative"},{"issue":"1574","key":"2026042619463893100_R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.26635\/6965.6124","article-title":"Inclusion of Ethnicity in Special Authority Criteria Improves Access to Medications for M\u0101ori and Pacific Peoples with Type 2 Diabetes.","volume":"136","author":"Paul","year":"2023","journal-title":"N Z Med J"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026042619463893100_R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-019572","article-title":"Indigenous health worker support for patients with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes: study protocol for a cluster randomised controlled trial of the Mana T\u016b programme.","volume":"8","author":"Selak","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Open"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Primary Health Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/connectsci.au\/hc\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1071\/HC25177\/1863774\/hc25177.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/connectsci.au\/hc\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1071\/HC25177\/1863774\/hc25177.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,26]],"date-time":"2026-04-26T23:46:47Z","timestamp":1777247207000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/connectsci.au\/hc\/article\/doi\/10.1071\/HC25177\/272166\/Improving-glycaemic-control-in-primary-care-for"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Tim","family":"Stokes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]]},"references-count":14,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1071\/hc25177","relation":{},"ISSN":["1172-6156"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1172-6156","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]]}}}