{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T15:40:24Z","timestamp":1778254824480,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"CSIRO Publishing","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,25]],"date-time":"2022-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648166400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/(\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine if the intention to perform an exercise at speed leads to beneficial alterations in kinematic and kinetic components of the movement in people with post-stroke hemiplegia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Comparative study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Subacute metropolitan rehabilitation hospital.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Convenience sample of patients admitted as an inpatient or outpatient with a diagnosis of stroke with lower limb weakness, functional ambulation category score =3, and ability to walk =14metres.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Participants performed a single leg squat exercise on their paretic and nonparetic legs on a leg sled under three conditions: 1) self-selected speed (SS), 2) fast speed (FS), 3) jump squat (JS). Measures of displacement, flight time, peak concentric velocity, and muscle excitation (via electromyography) were compared between legs and conditions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Eleven participants (age: 56 \u00b1 17 years; median time since stroke onset: 3.3 [IQR 3,41] months) were tested. All participants achieved a jump during the JS, as measured by displacement and flight time respectively, on both their paretic (0.25 \u00b1 0.16 m and 0.42 \u00b1 0.18 s) and nonparetic (0.49 \u00b1 0.36 m and 0.73 \u00b1 0.28 s) legs; however it was significantly lower on the non-paretic leg (p &amp;lt; 0.05). Peak concentric velocity increased concordantly with intended movement speed (JS-FS paretic: 0.96 m\/s, non-paretic: 0.54 m\/s; FS-SS paretic 0.69 m\/s, nonparetic 0.38 m\/s; JS-SS paretic 1.66 m\/s, non-paretic 0.92 m\/s). Similarly, muscle excitation increased significantly (p &amp;lt; 0.05) with faster speed for the paretic and nonparetic vastus lateralis. For gastrocnemius, the only significant difference was an increase during nonparetic JS vs. SS and FS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Speed affects the kinematic and kinetic components of the movement. Performing exercises ballistically may improve training outcomes for people post-stroke.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/brimp.2022.4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,24]],"date-time":"2022-03-24T23:33:04Z","timestamp":1648164784000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Lower limb muscle performance during a closed chain single leg squat and a squat jump in people with leg weakness after stroke: A comparative study"],"prefix":"10.1071","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2628-9765","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Genevieve","family":"Tol\u00e9","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"A1Department of Physiotherapy, Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia"},{"name":"B2Acquired Brain Injury Unit, Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia"},{"name":"C3Department of Physiotherapy, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gavin","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D4Department of Physiotherapy, Epworth Hospital, Richmond, VIC, Australia"},{"name":"E5Department of Physiotherapy, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anne E.","family":"Holland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"A1Department of Physiotherapy, Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia"},{"name":"F6Department of Respiratory Research@Alfred, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ross A.","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"G7School of Health and Sports Science, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"67","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"2025110416155364400_r1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/s0004-9514(06)70003-4","article-title":"Strengthening interventions increase strength and improve activity after stroke: a systematic review.","volume":"52","year":"2006","journal-title":"Australian Journal of Physiotherapy"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025110416155364400_r2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181874735","article-title":"A comparison of force curve profiles between the bench press and ballistic bench throws.","volume":"22","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025110416155364400_r3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.06.023","article-title":"Ballistic resistance training: Feasbility, safety and effectiveness for improving mobility in adults with neurologic conditions: A systematic review.","volume":"102","year":"2021","journal-title":"Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025110416155364400_r4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1582","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181d2013a","article-title":"Adaptations in athletic performance after ballistic power versus strength training.","volume":"42","year":"2010","journal-title":"Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025110416155364400_r5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.2165\/11538500-000000000-00000","article-title":"Developing maximal neuromusclar power. Part 2 - training considerations for improving maximal power production.","volume":"41","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sports Medicine"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025110416155364400_r6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/83.6.544","article-title":"Relationship of knee extension force to independence in sit-to-stand performance in patients receiving acute rehabilitation.","volume":"83","year":"2003","journal-title":"Physical Therapy"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025110416155364400_r7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000002448","article-title":"Comparison of the force-, velocity-, and power-time curves recorded with a force plate and a linear velocity transducer.","volume":"15","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sports Biomechanics"},{"issue":"12","key":"2025110416155364400_r8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.04.032","article-title":"Feasibility of ballistic strength training in subacute stroke: A randomized, controlled, assessor-blinded pilot study.","volume":"99","year":"2018","journal-title":"Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025110416155364400_r9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/s1050-6411(00)00027-4","article-title":"Development of recommendations for SEMG sensors and sensor placement procedures.","volume":"10","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology"},{"key":"2025110416155364400_r10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2018.05.010","article-title":"Low-cost electromyography \u2013 validation against a commercial system using both manual and automated activation timing thresholds.","volume":"42","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology"},{"key":"2025110416155364400_r21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/66.10.1530","article-title":"Gait assessment for neurologically impaired patients: standards for outcome assessment.","volume":"66","year":"1986","journal-title":"Physical Therapy"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025110416155364400_r11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0000000000001551","article-title":"Upper limb associated reactions: the relationship between movement kinematics and muscle activity in seated versus walking testing.","volume":"100","year":"2021","journal-title":"American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation"},{"key":"2025110416155364400_r22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0140822","article-title":"Assessment of lower limb muscle strength and power using hand-held and fixed dynamometry: a reliability and validity study.","volume":"10","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025110416155364400_r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1191\/0269215504cr699oa","article-title":"Outcomes of progressive resistance strength training following stroke: A systematic review.","volume":"18","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clinical Rehabilitation"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025110416155364400_r13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1016\/s0021-9290(01)00105-1","article-title":"Contributions of the individual ankle plantar flexors to support, forward progression and swing initiaition during walking.","volume":"34","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Biomechanics"},{"key":"2025110416155364400_r14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2165","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-021-01479-w","article-title":"Effects of plyometric jump training on repeated sprint ability in athletes: A systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"51","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sport Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025110416155364400_r15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181915670","article-title":"American college of sports medicine position stand. Progression models in resistance training for healthy adults.","volume":"41","year":"2009","journal-title":"Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise"},{"issue":"18","key":"2025110416155364400_r16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3255","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.000950","article-title":"Mechanical power and efficiency of level walking with different stride rates.","volume":"210","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Biology"},{"key":"2025110416155364400_r17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.00985","article-title":"Interpreting signal amplitudes in surface electromyography studies in sport and rehabilitation sciences.","volume":"8","year":"2018","journal-title":"Frontiers in Physiology"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025110416155364400_r18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0000000000000139","article-title":"Feasibiliy of Ballistic Strengthening exercises in neurologic rehabilitation.","volume":"93","year":"2014","journal-title":"American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025110416155364400_r19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.01.003","article-title":"Improving walking ability in people with neurologic conditions: A theoretical framework for biomechanics-driven exercise prescription.","volume":"100","year":"2019","journal-title":"Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025110416155364400_r20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0000000000000058","article-title":"Strength training for walking in neurologic rehabilitation is not task specific: A focused review.","volume":"93","year":"2014","journal-title":"American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation"}],"container-title":["Brain Impairment"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/connectsci.au\/ib\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1017\/BrImp.2022.4\/589318\/ib22031.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/connectsci.au\/ib\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1017\/BrImp.2022.4\/589318\/ib22031.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T21:15:59Z","timestamp":1762290959000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/connectsci.au\/ib\/article\/25\/2\/IB22031\/82627\/Lower-limb-muscle-performance-during-a-closed"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,25]]},"references-count":22,"aliases":["10.1071\/brimp.2022.4"],"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/brimp.2022.4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1443-9646","1839-5252"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1443-9646","type":"print"},{"value":"1839-5252","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,25]]},"article-number":"IB22031"}}