{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T12:27:07Z","timestamp":1768480027618,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"CSIRO Publishing","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766361600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We used contemporary factor analytic procedures to assess whether the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) can reliably differentiate depression, anxiety and stress in individuals with traumatic brain injury.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 136 adults (Mage\u00a0=\u00a038.51\u00a0years; 77.94% male) with moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury completed the DASS42. Various confirmatory factor models were estimated for both the DASS21 and DASS42, with a focus on novel statistical indices derived from bifactor modelling.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Bifactor modelling revealed a dominant general distress factor, accounting for 89% of the systematic variance in DASS21 total scores. Specific depression, anxiety and stress factors added little specific information when holding the general factor constant, accounting for only 11\u201327% of residual systematic variance in the subscale scores. Omitting the specific factors and instead treating the DASS21 as a unidimensional measure introduced minimal bias in parameter estimates. However, some multidimensionality was apparent when considering individual items, particularly from the depression scale. Additionally, first- and second-order factor models indicated that the specific factors were not well-differentiated from one another or from the general factor. These findings extended to the DASS42.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In conclusion, scores on the DASS after traumatic brain injury predominately reflect a single underlying latent variable of general distress, providing support for using the total score over the three conventional scales.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1071\/ib25139","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T07:26:34Z","timestamp":1766388394000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Reconceptualising the factor structure of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) for traumatic brain injury"],"prefix":"10.1071","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Alexia","family":"Samiotis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"AMonash-Epworth Rehabilitation Research Centre, Epworth HealthCare, Melbourne, Vic, Australia."},{"name":"BSchool of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Vic, Australia."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3796-9240","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jai","family":"Carmichael","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AMonash-Epworth Rehabilitation Research Centre, Epworth HealthCare, Melbourne, Vic, Australia."},{"name":"BSchool of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Vic, Australia."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9619-1929","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dana","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CSchool of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Vic, Australia."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3564-7408","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kate 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