{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T05:20:13Z","timestamp":1764220813389,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"CSIRO Publishing","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763424000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":123,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Australian Biological Resources Study (ABRS)","award":["205-24","4-EHPVRMK"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["205-24","4-EHPVRMK"]}]},{"name":"Norwegian Metacenter for Computational","award":["NN9601K"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NN9601K"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We revised the orb-weaving spider genus Carepalxis L. Koch, 1872 and tested its monophyly using Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian Inference phylogenetic analyses, comparing our results to a previously published family-level dataset on world-wide Araneidae. We studied the placement of the genus and the classification of the informally termed clade \u2018backobourkiines\u2019 using phylogenetic analyses based on two mitochondrial genes, cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) and 16S rRNA (16S), and two nuclear genes, 28S rRNA (28S) and 18S rRNA (18S). Approximately 12,000 araneid records (vials) from major Australian and overseas collections were examined during our taxonomic revision. All phylogenetic analyses supported a monophyletic \u2018backobourkiines\u2019 clade, but found a polyphyletic Carepalxis, with its Australasian representatives being part of the \u2018backobourkiines\u2019 and the Neotropical species being related to the Neotropical Ocrepeira Marx, 1883. Consequently, the genus was revised to include seven endemic Australian species, Carepalxis montifera L. Koch, 1872 (type species), C. bilobata Keyserling, 1886, C. ferreirasousaisp. nov., C. kollasp. nov., C. megalostylussp. nov., C. tholossp. nov. and C. tuberculata Keyserling, 1886 (=C. furcifera (Keyserling, 1886) syn. nov.), in addition to C. beelzebub (van Hasselt, 1873) (=C. suberosa Thorell, 1881 syn. nov. = C. tuberculifera (Thorell, 1881) comb. nov., syn. nov. = C. tricuspidata Chrysanthus, 1961 syn. nov.), which is present in Australia, Indonesia (West Papua) and Papua New Guinea. The following new combinations for Neotropical species previously placed in Carepalxis were proposed: Ocrepeira camelus (Simon, 1895) comb. nov., Ocrepeira gibbosa (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1889) comb. nov., Ocrepeira perpera (Petrunkevitch, 1911) comb. nov., Ocrepeira quasimodo (Ferreira-Sousa &amp; Motta, 2022) comb. nov., and Ocrepeira topazio (Ferreira-Sousa &amp; Motta, 2022) comb. nov. Within the backobourkiines, Carepalxis can be recognised by the presence of two cephalic humps in females and two enlarged megaspines apically on tibia II of males (both here considered synapomorphies of the genus), an anteriorly elevated abdomen usually with numerous tubercles, humps or sigilla in addition to the humeral humps, an elongated male pedipalp median apophysis bearing a small projection, and a female epigyne with broad lateral lobes, and, whenever present, conspicuous transverse slits instead of baso-lateral flaps.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:4F888132-4EE9-417F-9A82-7F9C470C9FB3<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1071\/is25009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T06:02:33Z","timestamp":1753423353000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Taxonomy and systematics of the Australasian gum nut orb-weaving spider genus Carepalxis (Araneae, Araneidae)"],"prefix":"10.1071","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0623-1622","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Pedro de S.","family":"Castanheira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"AHarry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia."},{"name":"BLaborat\u00f3rio de Diversidade de Aracn\u00eddeos, Universidade do Brasil\u2013Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Ilha do Fund\u00e3o, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5830-5702","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dimitar","family":"Dimitrov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CDepartment of Natural History, University Museum of Bergen, University of Bergen, Postboks 7800, NO-5020, Bergen, Norway."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Renner L. C.","family":"Baptista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BLaborat\u00f3rio de Diversidade de Aracn\u00eddeos, Universidade do Brasil\u2013Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Ilha do Fund\u00e3o, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nikolaj","family":"Scharff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DZoology Section, Research and Collections, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Volker W.","family":"Framenau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AHarry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia."},{"name":"EDepartment of Terrestrial Zoology, Western Australian Museum, Locked Bag 49, Welshpool DC, WA 6986, Australia."},{"name":"FZoological Museum Hamburg, Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change (LIB), Centre for Taxonomy & Morphology, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"67","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"2025112700034577800_R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-3642.2004.00120.x","article-title":"Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae).","volume":"141","author":"Agnarsson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society"},{"key":"2025112700034577800_R2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Studies in the orbweaving spiders (Argiopidae). 1.","volume":"1487","author":"Archer","year":"1951","journal-title":"American Museum Novitates"},{"key":"2025112700034577800_R3","first-page":"129","article-title":"Nuevos argiopidos (ara\u00f1as) de las Antilles.","volume":"5","author":"Archer","year":"1965","journal-title":"Caribbean Journal of Science"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025112700034577800_R4","first-page":"205","article-title":"Arachnida from Baja California and other parts of Mexico.","volume":"(3) 1","author":"Banks","year":"1898","journal-title":"Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025112700034577800_R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.11646\/zootaxa.4407.3.2","article-title":"Notes on the orb-weaving spider genus Alpaida (Araneae, Araneidae) with description of four new species from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.","volume":"4407","author":"Baptista","year":"2018","journal-title":"Zootaxa"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025112700034577800_R6","first-page":"465","article-title":"The orb weaver genus Neoscona in North America (Araneae: Araneidae).","volume":"141","author":"Berman","year":"1971","journal-title":"Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025112700034577800_R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ympev.2012.08.023","article-title":"MITOS: improved de novo Metazoan mitochondrial genome annotation.","volume":"69","author":"Bernt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025112700034577800_R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1093\/zoolinnean\/zlz088","article-title":"Exploring the impact of morphology, multiple sequence alignment and choice of optimality criteria in phylogenetic inference: a case study with the Neotropical orb-weaving spider genus Wagneriana (Araneae: Araneidae).","volume":"188","author":"Cabra-Garc\u00eda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society"},{"key":"2025112700034577800_R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1155\/1973\/47592","article-title":"Correlation between segment length and spine counts in two spider species of Araneus (Araneae: Araneidae).","volume":"80","author":"Carmichael","year":"1973","journal-title":"Psyche"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025112700034577800_R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.3897\/zse.99.101417","article-title":"Kangaraneus, a new genus of orb-weaving spider from Australia (Araneae, Araneidae).","volume":"99","author":"Castanheira","year":"2023","journal-title":"Zoosystematics and Evolution"},{"key":"2025112700034577800_R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/imt2.107","article-title":"Ultrafast one-pass FASTQ data preprocessing, quality control, and deduplication using fastp.","volume":"2","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"iMeta"},{"key":"2025112700034577800_R12","first-page":"195","article-title":"Spiders from south New Guinea IV.","volume":"10","author":"Chrysanthus","year":"1961","journal-title":"Nova Guinea, Zoology"},{"key":"2025112700034577800_R13","first-page":"68","article-title":"The spiders of New Zealand: part VI. 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