{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T18:16:05Z","timestamp":1781633765826,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"CSIRO Publishing","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764806400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Health systems worldwide are recalibrating in the post-COVID-19 era, refining virtual care strategies to ensure the sustainable, long-term integration of virtual modalities into routine healthcare. Realising the potential benefits of virtual care equitably across health systems requires that virtual modalities are consistently supported by the necessary system infrastructure and capabilities. This study sought to establish the infrastructure and capability requirements identified in Australian health system frameworks for effective virtual care integration across the system and the implications for long-term integration of virtual modalities in care provision.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The READ (ready your materials, extract data, analyse data, distill findings) method of document analysis was employed to examine frameworks related to the infrastructure and capabilities required for virtual care. Frameworks were considered eligible if their scope encompassed federal, state, professional, or organisational levels that affect the delivery of healthcare services in Australia. A comprehensive search was conducted across the websites of 32 government and non-government organisations, private health companies, and professional organisations to identify publicly available or accessible documents. Inductive thematic analysis was subsequently applied to identify and synthesise key concepts into capability domains.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fourteen frameworks pertaining to virtual care infrastructure and capabilities were identified, leading to the development of 10 primary capability domains. Frameworks primarily focused on ensuring the availability and success of operational aspects of virtual care implementation, such as appropriate technology, digital infrastructure, governance, and data management. Comparatively less attention was dedicated to the physical infrastructure, equity, inter-professional collaboration, workflow optimisation, and capability for change management.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Frameworks that guide and govern the implementation of virtual care in Australian health settings commonly identify requirements related to operational aspects of implementing virtual care. Given that challenges of virtual care implementation are often attributed to gaps in change management, digital capability, and inequitable access, greater consideration of these capability areas in state and federal frameworks may support health system leaders in planning for virtual care integration.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1071\/pu24103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T04:52:20Z","timestamp":1764132740000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Creating an environment for virtual care in the Australian health system: a document analysis of infrastructure and capability frameworks"],"prefix":"10.1071","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Ramya","family":"Walsan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"AAustralian Institute of Health Innovation, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, 75 Talavera Road, North Ryde, Sydney, NSW 2113, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AAustralian Institute of Health Innovation, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, 75 Talavera Road, North Ryde, Sydney, NSW 2113, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashfaq","family":"Chauhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AAustralian Institute of Health Innovation, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, 75 Talavera Road, North Ryde, Sydney, NSW 2113, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Cardenas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BHealth Facility Change, Health Infrastructure, St Leonards, Sydney, NSW, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Moscova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CFaculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia."},{"name":"EPresent address: HealthANSWERS (ACT and NSW Education, Research and Services), Shoalhaven, NSW, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalie","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CFaculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Virginia","family":"Mumford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AAustralian Institute of Health Innovation, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, 75 Talavera Road, North Ryde, Sydney, NSW 2113, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryam","family":"Sina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AAustralian Institute of Health Innovation, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, 75 Talavera Road, North Ryde, Sydney, NSW 2113, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tracey","family":"Webster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DClinical Leadership Effectiveness and Outcomes (CLEO), Northern Health, Epping, Vic, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reema","family":"Harrison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AAustralian Institute of Health Innovation, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, 75 Talavera Road, North Ryde, Sydney, NSW 2113, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"67","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026010718565622200_R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avsg.2019.01.021","article-title":"Outpatient Telemedicine Program in Vascular Surgery Reduces Patient Travel Time, Cost, and Environmental Pollutant Emissions.","volume":"59","author":"Paquette","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Vasc Surg"},{"key":"2026010718565622200_R2"},{"key":"2026010718565622200_R3"},{"key":"2026010718565622200_R4"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026010718565622200_R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/intqhc\/mzac021","article-title":"How safe is virtual healthcare?","volume":"34","author":"Harrison","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Qual Health Care"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026010718565622200_R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocaa067","article-title":"Telehealth transformation: COVID-19 and the rise of virtual care.","volume":"27","author":"Wosik","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Med Inform Assoc"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026010718565622200_R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.50211","article-title":"Estimated Indirect Cost Savings of Using Telehealth Among Nonelderly Patients With Cancer.","volume":"6","author":"Patel","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026010718565622200_R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/38604","article-title":"Patient and Provider Experiences With Virtual Care in a Large, Ambulatory Care Hospital in Ontario, Canada During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Observational Study.","volume":"24","author":"Chu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026010718565622200_R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare9101325","article-title":"Connecting the World of Healthcare Virtually: A Scoping Review on Virtual Care Delivery.","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Healthcare (Basel)"},{"key":"2026010718565622200_R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1177\/1357633X221112556","article-title":"Comparing cancer genetic counselling using telegenetics with in-person and telephone appointments: Results of a partially randomised patient-preference pilot study.","volume":"30","author":"Gonzalez","journal-title":"J Telemed Telecare"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026010718565622200_R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/21064","article-title":"Virtual Health Care for Community Management of Patients With COVID-19 in Australia: Observational Cohort Study.","volume":"23","author":"Hutchings","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026010718565622200_R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1071\/AH21335","article-title":"Integrating virtual models of care through infrastructure innovation in healthcare facility design.","volume":"46","author":"Harrison","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aust Health Rev"},{"key":"2026010718565622200_R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2022.10.224","article-title":"O.23.6 - Perception of the usefulness of telehealth and health literacy during COVID-19 crisis in France: Sciences Economiques & Sociales de la Sant\u00e9 & Traitement de l\u2019Information M\u00e9dicale, Equipe CANBIOS Labellis\u00e9e Ligue Contre le Cancer, France.","volume":"109","author":"Dembele","year":"2023","journal-title":"Patient Educ Couns"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026010718565622200_R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0257420","article-title":"Cancer care disruption and reorganisation during the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia: a patient, carer and healthcare worker perspective.","volume":"16","author":"Edge","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026010718565622200_R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1089\/tmj.2021.0074","article-title":"Environmental considerations for effective telehealth encounters: a narrative review and implications for best practice.","volume":"28","author":"Duane","year":"2022","journal-title":"Telemed J E Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026010718565622200_R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1089\/tmj.2012.0324","article-title":"Telehealth Trends and the Challenge for Infrastructure.","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Telemed J E Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026010718565622200_R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-023-09265-2","article-title":"Telehealth in remote Australia: a supplementary tool or an alternative model of care replacing face-to-face consultations?","volume":"23","author":"Mathew","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"2026010718565622200_R18"},{"key":"2026010718565622200_R19"},{"key":"2026010718565622200_R20"},{"key":"2026010718565622200_R21"},{"key":"2026010718565622200_R22"},{"key":"2026010718565622200_R23"},{"key":"2026010718565622200_R24"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026010718565622200_R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1007\/s10459-016-9717-2","article-title":"Clinician behaviors in telehealth care delivery: a systematic review.","volume":"22","author":"Henry","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv Health Sci Educ Theory Pract"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026010718565622200_R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1007\/s10864-018-9292-0","article-title":"Training Individuals to Implement Applied Behavior Analytic Procedures via Telehealth: A Systematic Review of the Literature.","volume":"27","author":"Tomlinson","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Behav Educ"},{"key":"2026010718565622200_R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1080\/13561820.2023.2182766","article-title":"Australian statewide virtual care competency-based education framework for the healthcare workforce: a Delphi study.","volume":"37","author":"Palesy","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Interprof Care"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026010718565622200_R28","first-page":"623","article-title":"Policy document analysis: A practical educational leadership tool and a qualitative research method.","volume":"24","author":"Cardno","year":"2018","journal-title":"Educ Admin Theory Pract"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026010718565622200_R29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czaa064","article-title":"Document analysis in health policy research: the READ approach.","volume":"35","author":"Dalglish","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Policy Plan"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"2026010718565622200_R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2022-009555","article-title":"Exploring the availability of specialist health workforce education in East and Southern Africa: a document analysis.","volume":"7","author":"Asamani","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026010718565622200_R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.1111\/hex.13315","article-title":"How do health services engage culturally and linguistically diverse consumers? An analysis of consumer engagement frameworks in Australia.","volume":"24","author":"Chauhan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Health Expect"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026010718565622200_R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1177\/13505076030343002","article-title":"Developing the Global Manager Using a Capability Framework.","volume":"34","author":"Townsend","year":"2003","journal-title":"Manage Learn"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026010718565622200_R33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13012-015-0242-0","article-title":"Making sense of implementation theories, models and frameworks.","volume":"10","author":"Nilsen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Implement Sci"},{"key":"2026010718565622200_R34"},{"key":"2026010718565622200_R35"},{"key":"2026010718565622200_R36"},{"key":"2026010718565622200_R37"},{"key":"2026010718565622200_R38"},{"key":"2026010718565622200_R39"},{"key":"2026010718565622200_R40"},{"key":"2026010718565622200_R41"},{"key":"2026010718565622200_R42"},{"key":"2026010718565622200_R43"},{"key":"2026010718565622200_R44"},{"key":"2026010718565622200_R45"},{"key":"2026010718565622200_R46"},{"key":"2026010718565622200_R47"},{"key":"2026010718565622200_R48"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026010718565622200_R49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4308","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2021.3119458","article-title":"Evaluating Technology-Mediated Collaborative Workflows for Telehealth.","volume":"25","author":"Bondy","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE J Biomed Health Inform"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026010718565622200_R50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp2115646","article-title":"Digital Inclusion as Health Care \u2014 Supporting Health Care Equity with Digital-Infrastructure Initiatives.","volume":"386","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2022","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026010718565622200_R51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-020-05657-w","article-title":"A systematic scoping review of change management practices used for telemedicine service implementations.","volume":"20","author":"Kho","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"2026010718565622200_R52"},{"key":"2026010718565622200_R53"},{"key":"2026010718565622200_R54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.2147\/JMDH.S269412","article-title":"Health Professional Digital Capabilities Frameworks: A Scoping Review.","volume":"13","author":"Brice","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Multidiscip Healthc"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026010718565622200_R55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-017-2514-7","article-title":"Service provider perceptions of transitioning from audio to video capability in a telehealth system: a qualitative evaluation.","volume":"17","author":"Clay-Williams","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026010718565622200_R56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-023-09367-x","article-title":"Encountering suffering in digital care: a qualitative study of providers\u2019 experiences in telemental health care.","volume":"23","author":"\u00c5hs","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"23","key":"2026010718565622200_R57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/su132312941","article-title":"Digital Transformation Models for the I4.0 Transition: Lessons from the Change Management Literature.","volume":"13","author":"Bellantuono","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026010718565622200_R58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1111\/jnu.12684","article-title":"Defining Telepresence as Experienced in Telehealth Encounters: A Dimensional Analysis.","volume":"53","author":"Groom","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Nurs Scholarsh"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026010718565622200_R59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1002\/cld.1173","article-title":"Telemedicine Workflow and Platform Options: What Would Work Well for Your Practice?","volume":"19","author":"Singh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Liver Dis (Hoboken)"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026010718565622200_R60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-1677897","article-title":"Role of Artificial Intelligence within the Telehealth Domain.","volume":"28","author":"Kuziemsky","year":"2019","journal-title":"Yearb Med Inform"},{"key":"2026010718565622200_R61"}],"container-title":["Public Health Research and Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/connectsci.au\/pu\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1071\/PU24103\/1837325\/pu24103.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/connectsci.au\/pu\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1071\/PU24103\/1837325\/pu24103.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T23:57:05Z","timestamp":1767830225000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/connectsci.au\/pu\/article\/36\/1\/PU24103\/266035\/Creating-an-environment-for-virtual-care-in-the"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1071\/pu24103","relation":{},"ISSN":["2204-2091"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2204-2091","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]]},"article-number":"PU24103"}}