{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T12:18:00Z","timestamp":1790770680220,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"CSIRO Publishing","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]],"date-time":"2025-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755734400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5099,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1071\/journalslicense"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Glaucoma is an insidious eye disease, potentially putting 4% of older Australians at risk of blindness, unless detected sufficiently early for initiation of effective treatment. This paper reports on the strengths of evidence and glaucoma risk factors that can be identified by primary health care providers from a patient\u2019s history. A comprehensive search of peer-reviewed databases identified relevant secondary evidence published between 2002 and 2007. Risk factors that could be determined from a patient\u2019s history were identified. A novel glaucoma risk factor reference guide was constructed according to evidence strength and level of concern regarding risk of developing glaucoma. The evidence is strong and consistent regarding the risk of developing glaucoma, and elevated intraocular pressure, advancing age, non-Caucasian ethnicity and family history of glaucoma. There is moderate evidence of association with glaucoma, and migraine, eye injury, myopia and long-term use of corticosteroids. There is conflicting evidence for living in a rural location, high blood pressure, diabetes and smoking. Early detection of people at risk of developing glaucoma can be initiated using our risk factor guide coupled with a comprehensive patient history. Timely future assessment and subsequent management strategies for at-risk individuals can then be effectively and efficiently actioned.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1071\/py10042","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,5]],"date-time":"2011-09-05T02:02:06Z","timestamp":1315188126000},"page":"233-239","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Risk factors for glaucoma: what do they really mean?"],"prefix":"10.1071","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Anthea","family":"Worley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"AInternational Centre for Allied Health Evidence, University of South Australia, City East Campus, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Grimmer-Somers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AInternational Centre for Allied Health Evidence, University of South Australia, City East Campus, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia."},{"name":"BCorresponding author. Email: karen.grimmer-somers@unisa.edu.au"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"67","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025110219173454100_R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.2165\/00042310-200420080-00007","article-title":"Corticosteroids are the main culprits in drug-induced glaucoma.","volume":"20","author":"Adis International","year":"2004","journal-title":"Drugs & Therapy Perspectives"},{"key":"2025110219173454100_R2","unstructured":"AGREE Collaboration (2001) \u2018Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation (AGREE) Instrument.\u2019 (AGREE Collaboration: London) Available at: http:\/\/www.agreecollaboration.com [Verified 18 February 2008]"},{"key":"2025110219173454100_R3"},{"key":"2025110219173454100_R4"},{"key":"2025110219173454100_R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2004.01173.x","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus as a risk factor for primary open-angle glaucoma: a meta-analysis.","volume":"21","author":"Bonovas","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetic Medicine"},{"key":"2025110219173454100_R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2003.09.009","article-title":"Epidemiological association between cigarette smoking and primary open-angle glaucoma: a metaanalysis.","volume":"118","author":"Bonovas","year":"2004","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"2025110219173454100_R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.06.022","article-title":"Detection and prognostic significance of optic disc hemorrhages during the Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study.","volume":"113","author":"Budenz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"2025110219173454100_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3310\/hta11410","article-title":"The clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of screening for open angle glaucoma: a systematic review and economic evaluation.","volume":"11","author":"Burr","year":"2007","journal-title":"Health Technology Assessment"},{"key":"2025110219173454100_R9","unstructured":"Centre for Allied Health Evidence (2009) Final Report: Systematic Literature Review on the Detection, Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of Glaucoma. 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