{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T13:51:24Z","timestamp":1787061084596,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"CSIRO Publishing","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3046,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1071\/journalslicense"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>African-Australians have a high prevalence of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) and an increased risk of liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma, HCC) at a younger age than other affected groups living with CHB. The prevention of HCC-related mortality is possible with timely diagnosis of CHB, regular monitoring including liver cancer surveillance and appropriate treatment with antiviral therapy. Currently, little is known about how African-Australians living with CHB understand their condition, their risk of liver cancer and the need for regular monitoring. There were 19 semi-structured interviews conducted with African-Australians who have CHB. The interviews explored the participants\u2019 knowledge of CHB, their perceptions of future health risks and experiences and understanding of healthcare. The three major themes identified in the analysis were (i) the risks to physical health including liver cancer, (ii) risks to social and emotional wellbeing from diagnosis and disclosure and (iii) the fear and worry associated with being infectious. The understanding of risk and mitigation of that risk was framed by their understanding of health, ageing, as well as participants\u2019 educational background and faith. Our findings show the importance of engagement with the broader social and emotional effects of CHB by clinicians and services, and can assist in developing interventions to increase participation in healthcare, including liver cancer surveillance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1071\/py17099","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,26]],"date-time":"2018-02-26T19:54:19Z","timestamp":1519674859000},"page":"141-148","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Knowing and telling: how African-Australians living with chronic hepatitis B understand hepatocellular carcinoma risk and surveillance"],"prefix":"10.1071","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Nicole","family":"Allard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ADepartment of Medicine (RMH), University of Melbourne, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Vic. 3050, Australia."},{"name":"BWHO Collaborating Centre for Viral Hepatitis, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth Street, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic. 3000, Australia."},{"name":"Ccohealth, Footscray, Melbourne, Vic. 3011, Australia."},{"name":"FCorresponding author. Email: nicole.allard@mh.org.au"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jon","family":"Emery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DDepartment of General Practice, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Vic. 3053, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Cowie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ADepartment of Medicine (RMH), University of Melbourne, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Vic. 3050, Australia."},{"name":"Ccohealth, Footscray, Melbourne, Vic. 3011, Australia."},{"name":"EVictorian Infectious Diseases Service, Melbourne Health, Melbourne, Vic. 3000, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Furler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DDepartment of General Practice, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Vic. 3053, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"67","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026070101410016200_R1"},{"key":"2026070101410016200_R29","first-page":"859","article-title":"The challenge of liver cancer surveillance in general practice: do recall and reminder systems hold the answer?","volume":"46","author":"Allard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Australian Family Physician"},{"key":"2026070101410016200_R2","unstructured":"Australian Bureau of Statistics (2012) 2011 census of population and housing. (ABS: Canberra, ACT, Australia) Available at https:\/\/www.censusdata.abs.gov.au\/ [Verified December 2017]."},{"key":"2026070101410016200_R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1775","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.288.14.1775","article-title":"Improving primary care for patients with chronic illness.","volume":"288","author":"Bodenheimer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of the American Medical Association"},{"key":"2026070101410016200_R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1909","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.288.15.1909","article-title":"Improving primary care for patients with chronic illness: the chronic care model, Part 2.","volume":"288","author":"Bodenheimer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of the American Medical Association"},{"key":"2026070101410016200_R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1111\/imj.13393","article-title":"Deaths from liver cancer continue to rise in Australia: is elimination by 2030 possible?","volume":"47","author":"Brown","year":"2017","journal-title":"Internal Medicine Journal"},{"key":"2026070101410016200_R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24199","article-title":"Management of hepatocellular carcinoma: an update.","volume":"53","author":"Bruix","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"2026070101410016200_R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1007\/s13187-013-0585-7","article-title":"Knowledge and fears among Asian Americans chronically infected with hepatitis B.","volume":"29","author":"Carabez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Cancer Education"},{"key":"2026070101410016200_R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-14-537","article-title":"Health literacy in patients with chronic hepatitis B attending a tertiary hospital in Melbourne: a questionnaire based survey.","volume":"14","author":"Dahl","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"2026070101410016200_R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.324.7341.827","article-title":"Explaining risks: turning numerical data into meaningful pictures.","volume":"324","author":"Edwards","year":"2002","journal-title":"BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.)"},{"key":"2026070101410016200_R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-6405.12378","article-title":"Hepatitis B knowledge and associated factors among people with chronic hepatitis B.","volume":"39","author":"Hajarizadeh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"2026070101410016200_R11","unstructured":"Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission (2009) African Australians: a report on human rights and social inclusion issues. 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