{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T04:30:08Z","timestamp":1791606608862,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"CSIRO Publishing","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]],"date-time":"2025-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748304000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":7146,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1071\/journalslicense"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,11,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Gerenuk antelope in North American zoos are descended from 28 founders imported from Kenya ~20 years ago. Intensive management is required to prevent inbreeding depression. Artificial insemination has potential for augmenting genetic management, but successful application requires a thorough understanding of species\u2019 reproductive norms. Semen collected from captive (n = 10) and wild (n = 6) gerenuk contained low numbers of morphologically normal spermatozoa (~40%). Age, but not season, influenced (P &amp;lt; 0.05) the proportion of morphologically normal spermatozoa (mean \u00b1 s.e.m., 12\u201317 months of age, 10.3 \u00b1 1.9%; 18\u201326 months of age, 34.4 \u00b1 6.2%; 3\u20136 years of age, 40.0 \u00b1 4.7%). Seasonality was investigated by analysing faecal testosterone and progesterone in males and females, respectively, by radioimmunoassays. Females cycled all year (ovarian cycle length, 18.7 \u00b1 0.9 days). Testosterone in males did not vary (P &amp;gt; 0.05) with time of year. Three females (3\/9, 33%) became pregnant by insemination with 9.75\u201354.0 \u00d7 106 motile fresh or frozen sperm after oestrus synchronisation with two prostaglandin F2a injections, 12 days apart. One female inseminated with frozen\u2013thawed sperm delivered a full-term stillborn calf after 213 days gestation. These results characterise gerenuk reproductive norms and indicate that artificial insemination may be a useful tool in the genetic management of gerenuk.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1071\/rd05077","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,11,1]],"date-time":"2005-11-01T20:22:36Z","timestamp":1130876556000},"page":"707-714","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Reproductive physiology and artificial insemination studies in wild and captive gerenuk (Litocranius walleri walleri)"],"prefix":"10.1071","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Linda M.","family":"Penfold","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"AWhite Oak Conservation Center, 581705 White Oak Road, Yulee, FL 32097, USA."},{"name":"DCorresponding author. Email: lindap@wogilman.com"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"L. Monfort","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BDepartment of Reproductive Sciences, Smithsonian\u2019s National Zoological Park, Conservation and Research Center, 1500 Remount Road, Front Royal, VA 22630, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara A.","family":"Wolfe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNorth Carolina Zoological Park, 4401 Zoo Parkway, Asheboro, NC 27205, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott B.","family":"Citino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AWhite Oak Conservation Center, 581705 White Oak Road, Yulee, FL 32097, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David E.","family":"Wildt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BDepartment of Reproductive Sciences, Smithsonian\u2019s National Zoological Park, Conservation and Research Center, 1500 Remount Road, Front Royal, VA 22630, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"67","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,11,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025102818182651800_R1"},{"key":"2025102818182651800_R2"},{"key":"2025102818182651800_R3"},{"key":"2025102818182651800_R4"},{"key":"2025102818182651800_R5"},{"key":"2025102818182651800_R6"},{"key":"2025102818182651800_R7"},{"key":"2025102818182651800_R8"},{"key":"2025102818182651800_R9"},{"key":"2025102818182651800_R10"},{"key":"2025102818182651800_R11"},{"key":"2025102818182651800_R12"},{"key":"2025102818182651800_R13"},{"key":"2025102818182651800_R14"},{"key":"2025102818182651800_R15"},{"key":"2025102818182651800_R16"},{"key":"2025102818182651800_R17"},{"key":"2025102818182651800_R18"},{"key":"2025102818182651800_R19"},{"key":"2025102818182651800_R20"},{"key":"2025102818182651800_R21"},{"key":"2025102818182651800_R22"},{"key":"2025102818182651800_R23"},{"key":"2025102818182651800_R24"},{"key":"2025102818182651800_R25"},{"key":"2025102818182651800_R26"}],"container-title":["Reproduction, Fertility and Development"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/connectsci.au\/rd\/article-pdf\/17\/7\/707\/299395\/rd05077.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/connectsci.au\/rd\/article-pdf\/17\/7\/707\/299395\/rd05077.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T22:18:33Z","timestamp":1761689913000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/connectsci.au\/rd\/article\/17\/7\/707\/48111\/Reproductive-physiology-and-artificial"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,11,2]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,11,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1071\/rd05077","relation":{},"ISSN":["1031-3613","1448-5990"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1031-3613","type":"print"},{"value":"1448-5990","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,11,2]]}}}