{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T16:25:50Z","timestamp":1770481550995,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"CSIRO Publishing","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]],"date-time":"2025-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748304000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4992,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1071\/journalslicense"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The contraceptive regimen consisting of levonorgestrel and quinestrol (EP-1) has been shown to be effective in several types of wild rodents. In the present study, we investigated the effect of EP-1 and its two components on fertility and spermatogenesis to elucidate the mechanisms underlying its contraceptive effect. Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with 0.33 mg kg\u20131 quinestrol (E group), 0.67 mg kg\u20131 levonorgestrel (P group) or their combination (EP group) for 7 days and then killed on Days 21 or 42 after treatment for tissue analysis. On Day 21, the weight of the cauda epididymis decreased significantly, while the weight of the adrenal gland increased significantly in the E and EP groups compared with the weights in the control group. In addition, there was a significant decrease in sperm number in the E and EP groups compared with the control group and there was less staining for the androgen receptor and Wilms\u2019 tumour nuclear protein 1 in the E and EP groups. The primary defects in E- or EP-treated rats were abnormal spermiogenesis, lack of elongating spermatids, and pachytene spermatocyte arrest. Analysis of MutL homologue 1 revealed that EP treatment inhibited chromosome recombination during meiosis, but did not cause obvious genetic abnormalities. These data demonstrate that quinestrol, alone or in combination with levonorgestrel, induces subfertility in male rats mainly by interfering with germ cell differentiation. Thus, EP-1 or E alone may be effective contraceptive regimens for fertility control in rodents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1071\/rd10221","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,25]],"date-time":"2011-09-25T20:21:47Z","timestamp":1316982107000},"page":"297-308","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Subfertile effects of quinestrol and levonorgestrel in male rats"],"prefix":"10.1071","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Ming","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"AState Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insets and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen West Road, Beijing 100101, China."},{"name":"BState Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen West Road, Beijing 100101, China."},{"name":"DGraduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinrong","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AState Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insets and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen West Road, Beijing 100101, China."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yimeng","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CLife Science College, University of Science and Technology in China, Huangshan Road, Hefei 230027, China."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu-xia","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BState Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen West Road, Beijing 100101, China."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CLife Science College, University of Science and Technology in China, Huangshan Road, Hefei 230027, China."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhibin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AState Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insets and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen West Road, Beijing 100101, China."},{"name":"AState Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insets and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen West Road, Beijing 100101, China."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yan-ling","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BState Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen West Road, Beijing 100101, China."},{"name":"ECorresponding authors. 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