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Cows that suffer severe negative energy balance after parturition are prone to diseases (including uterine infection) that are, in part, explained by reduced function of the immune system, having negative consequences for subsequent fertility. In high-producing dairy cows, the duration and intensity of oestrus is low as a consequence of low circulating oestradiol concentrations, and after insemination, high embryo mortality is the single biggest factor reducing calving rates. Embryo mortality occurs as consequences of poor oocyte quality (probably caused by the adverse metabolic environment) and by poor maternal uterine environment (probably caused by carry-over effects of uterine infection and low circulating progesterone concentrations). Immediate improvements in the fertility of lactating cows on many farms can be achieved by applying existing knowledge, but longer-term sustained improvement will require additional knowledge in many areas including the physiology of the tissues that contribute to reproduction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1071\/rd11912","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,5]],"date-time":"2011-12-05T21:02:15Z","timestamp":1323118935000},"page":"233-237","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["The physiology of multifactorial problems limiting the establishment of pregnancy in dairy cattle"],"prefix":"10.1071","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Alexander C. O.","family":"Evans","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ASchool of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland."},{"name":"BCorresponding author. 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