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Female prostatic complexes were removed, weighed and subjected to morphological, stereological, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural analyses. CPA treatment caused epithelial atrophy and decreased prostate secretory activity. The EE treatment group showed glandular hyperplasia, a high cell-proliferation index and an increase in androgen and oestrogen receptor a (AR and ERa) immunoreactivity. Combined treatment (CPA+EE) caused adverse effects, such as an increase in cell proliferation, higher AR and ERa immunoreactivity, prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, cell degeneration and aging. In conclusion, the CPA-only treatment promoted antiandrogenic effects on the female gerbil prostate, whereas EE-only had a potent oestrogenic activity. However, when combined, EE overlapped the effects of CPA, changing the pattern of glandular hormonal regulation and stimulating the development of prostatic lesions in female gerbils.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1071\/rd17294","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,5]],"date-time":"2018-04-05T20:29:45Z","timestamp":1522960185000},"page":"1286-1297","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Combined oral contraceptives promote androgen receptor and oestrogen receptor alpha upregulation in the female prostate (Skene\u2019s paraurethral glands) of adult gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus)"],"prefix":"10.1071","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Eliana G.","family":"Pinto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ALaboratory of Histophysiology, Department of Histology, Embryology and Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goi\u00e1s, Goi\u00e2nia, Goi\u00e1s 74001970, Brazil."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M\u00f4nica S.","family":"Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BLaboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, Department of Biology, State University of S\u00e3o Paulo \u2013 UNESP, Rua Crist\u00f3v\u00e3o Colombo, 2265, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 do Rio Preto, S\u00e3o Paulo 15054000, Brazil."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luiz R.","family":"Falleiros-J\u00fanior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BLaboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, Department of Biology, State University of S\u00e3o Paulo \u2013 UNESP, Rua Crist\u00f3v\u00e3o Colombo, 2265, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 do Rio Preto, S\u00e3o Paulo 15054000, Brazil."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mara R.","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ALaboratory of Histophysiology, Department of Histology, Embryology and Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goi\u00e1s, Goi\u00e2nia, Goi\u00e1s 74001970, Brazil."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sebasti\u00e3o R.","family":"Taboga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BLaboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, Department of Biology, State University of S\u00e3o Paulo \u2013 UNESP, Rua Crist\u00f3v\u00e3o Colombo, 2265, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 do Rio Preto, S\u00e3o Paulo 15054000, Brazil."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlos H.","family":"Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIntegrative Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Neurological Pathophysiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Goi\u00e1s, Goi\u00e2nia, Goi\u00e1s 74001970, Brazil."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manoel F.","family":"Biancardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ALaboratory of Histophysiology, Department of Histology, Embryology and Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goi\u00e1s, Goi\u00e2nia, Goi\u00e1s 74001970, Brazil."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fernanda C. 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