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From Day 35 to Day 110 of gestation, 32 Hu ewes carrying twin fetuses were randomly allocated to one of four groups (n = 8 per group): 100% National Research Council (NRC)-recommended nutrient requirements (CON), 50% NRC recommendations (RES), 50% NRC recommendations supplemented with 20 g day-1 RP-Arg (RES+ARG), and 50% NRC recommendations supplemented with 5 g day-1 NCG (RES+NCG). Medullary thickness was increased (P &amp;lt; 0.05) in RES compared with CON ewes, but was reduced (P &amp;lt; 0.05) in both RES+ARG and RES+NCG ewes compared with RES ewes. There were no differences in superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activity or malondialdehyde levels in the RES+ARG and RES+NCG groups compared with the CON group (P &amp;gt; 0.05). Concentrations of IgA, interleukin (IL)-1\u00df and IL-10 in fetal umbilical cord blood were reduced (P &amp;lt; 0.05) in RES compared with CON ewes, but were increased (P &amp;lt; 0.05) in both RES+ARG and RES+NCG ewes. Expression of Bax, Fas and p53 mRNA was increased (P &amp;lt; 0.05) in RES compared with CON ewes, but were reduced (P &amp;gt; 0.05) in both RES+ARG and RES+NCG ewes. These results indicate that dietary supplementation with NCG and RP-Arg could help alleviate the negative effects of intrauterine growth restriction on fetal thymus development and immune function.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1071\/rd18047","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,12]],"date-time":"2018-07-12T23:06:47Z","timestamp":1531436807000},"page":"1522-1531","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Dietary N-carbamylglutamate and rumen-protected l-arginine supplementation during intrauterine growth restriction in undernourished ewes improve fetal thymus development and immune function"],"prefix":"10.1071","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Hao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ALaboratory of Metabolic Manipulation of Herbivorous Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, #48, Weihui Road,Yangzhou 225009, P.R. 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